The Discursive Construction of National Security Threats from 2001-2018 Erica Marie Stieper Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Political Science Chair: Laura Zanotti Priya Dixit Mauro J. Caraccioli May 8th, 2018 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Presidential Rhetoric, National Security Threats The Discursive Construction of National Security Threats from 2001-2018 Erica Marie Stieper Abstract-Academic This thesis seeks to explain the discursive construction of national security threats facing the United States from 2001-2018. The driving argument is that the nation’s perception of threats and conceptualization of itself are vulnerable to Presidential rhetoric. Presidents convey threats through rhetorical frameworks, a simplified means to present a manipulated perception of reality to a wider audience, which intentionally provoke reactions from the nation to garner consensus towards executive decision-making. Presidents apply frames from prior administrations as well as new frames to define adverse states, organizations, groups of people, etc., and to justify disciplinary practices, military action, or policy implementation against threats. Primarily, they portray threats as the binary opposite of the American national identity to reinforce the country’s legitimacy in national security decision-making. This discourse influences how the public internalizes major issues facing the nation and triggers emotions that can either unite or divide the national identity. This research maps variation among the rhetorical frameworks and strategies of President George W. Bush, President Barack Obama, and President Donald J. Trump to evaluate: how national security threats are constructed, how the nation interprets threats, and the resulting social and political effects. The Discursive Construction of National Security Threats from 2001-2018 Erica Marie Stieper Abstract-Public This thesis seeks to explain how presidential language contributes to the construction of national security threats facing the United States from 2001-2018. The driving argument is that the nation’s perception of threats and conceptualization of itself are vulnerable to Presidential rhetoric. Presidents intentionally portray threats as the binary opposite of the American national identity to justify the country’s retaliation. This language impacts how Americans conceptualize themselves and triggers emotions that can either unite or divide the national identity. This research maps how President George W. Bush, President Barack Obama, and President Donald J. Trump have used language to construct national security threats and the American national identity. Further, it evaluates the resulting social and political effects and the implications moving forward. Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my mother and father, Tammy and Kurt, to my sister, Kate, and to my aunt and uncle, Susan and Kevin. I am forever grateful for the support and encouragement they have provided throughout my time at Virginia Tech. I would have never been a Hokie without them. iv Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Laura Zanotti, for mentoring me and pushing me to my best. Her guidance, feedback, and patience throughout this process has shaped my research and analysis capabilities and will have a lasting impact on my professional future. I would also like to thank Dr. Priya Dixit and Dr. Mauro Caraccioli for their time and support. I am grateful for their insights while I developed and conducted this research. A special thanks goes to Brett Netto for providing me with constant support and inspiration. He is an unwavering mentor and friend who has helped me keep a healthy life balance over the past few years. Finally, I am grateful to the Department of Political Science at Virginia Tech for the opportunity to pursue this degree and refine my research interests. v Table of Contents Chapter I—Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 The Importance of Political Rhetoric ................................................................................................................ 1 Key Concepts ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Post Structuralism ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Crisis Rhetoric ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Rhetorical Frameworks ................................................................................................................................... 6 Links to Previous Administrations ............................................................................................................ 10 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter II—Methodology ................................................................................................................... 12 Classification Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter III—The Bush Administration .......................................................................................... 24 Binary Construction ............................................................................................................................................... 25 The American National Identity ................................................................................................................ 26 Criminalization of the Terrorist Threat .................................................................................................. 30 Simplification of the Terrorist Threat ..................................................................................................... 32 Dehumanization of the Terrorist Threat ................................................................................................. 34 The Role of Religion ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter IV—The Obama Administration ...................................................................................... 42 Binary Construction ............................................................................................................................................... 44 The American National Identity ................................................................................................................ 44 Criminalization of the National Security Threat ................................................................................. 49 Dehumanization of the National Security Threat ................................................................................ 55 The Role of Religion ...................................................................................................................................... 59 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter V—The Trump Administration ........................................................................................ 65 Binary Construction ............................................................................................................................................... 67 The American National Identity ................................................................................................................ 68 Criminalization of National Security Threats ....................................................................................... 73 Dehumanization of National Security Threats ..................................................................................... 79 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter VI—Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 87 References ............................................................................................................................................... 93 vi Chapter I—Introduction The Importance of Political Rhetoric Political rhetoric is a mechanism used to exchange emotions in a social environment that can construct, sustain, and amplify identities (Ross 2014). This rhetoric contributes to the national character and is a reflection of the national security policies made by Presidential administrations that perpetuates