Sci.Int.(Lahore),31(3),403-420 ,2019 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 403 STATISTICAL STUDY FOR CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE TO HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP Ahmed Ullah1, *Asim Mushtaq2, Rizwan Ahmed Qamar1, Zaeem Uddin Ali1 1Chemical Engineering Department, 2Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Authors e-mail address: *[email protected] ABSTRACT: High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a blend of glucose and fructose formed by breaking down corn starch. Fructose and glucose both have the same properties, but differ in chemical structure. HFCS has substituted table sugar (sucrose) as the primary artificial sweetener found in consumer food products. Sucrose consists of a glucose molecule and fructose molecule bonded together and can be harvested naturally from plants such as sugarcane and sugar beets. Recently there has been a lot of controversy surrounding the use of HFCS instead of sucrose; mainly that HFCS is worse than sucrose for the human body. These claims have been mostly refuted based on several studies and since both sucrose and HFCS are both made up of fructose and glucose, they are metabolized the same way. The demand for HFCS continues to increase worldwide and it will remain one of the essential food products produced for years to come. The production of HFCS is a wonderful example of a cost-effective bioengineering process. The objective of this research is to introduce the statistical analysis for the production of High-Fructose Corn Syrup from glucose. This study includes the production process of High- Fructose Corn Syrup along with the process flow diagram. The material and energy balances of the equipment employed in the whole process have also been carried out in this research. Key Words: Glucose; Fructose; Corn syrup; Sucrose; Carbohydrate. 1. INTRODUCTION Sucrose is disaccharide, which means two single sugar High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a liquid sugar option in molecules, monosaccharide, reinforced together. In the small contrast to sucrose utilized in numerous nourishments and digestive tract, that bond is part to yield one molecule of drinks. The HFCS is a sweetener formed using corn and can glucose and one of fructose. Whereas HFCS contains fructose be found in various nourishments and beverages on the and glucose, however, they are not bonded together. market retire in the United States [1, 2]. It has been made out Moreover, the fructose or glucose are expended as of either 42 percent or 55 percent fructose, with the rest of the disaccharides or monosaccharide, both are absorbed from the sugars being glucose and higher sugars. As far as structure, instant in the single molecule structure. At the point when HFCS is about indistinguishable to table sugar (sucrose), contained in acidic media, for example, most carbonated which was made out of 50 percent fructose and 50 percent drinks and lemonade, sucrose usually separates into glucose glucose. Glucose is one of the least complex types of sugar and fructose particle. Along these lines, when sucrose- that fills as a building block generally for carbohydrates. improved refreshments were expended, many, it contains a Fructose is a straightforward sugar ordinarily found in foods substantial measure of free glucose and fructose, basically the grown from the ground [3, 4]. same as HFCS [5, 6]. Table 1: Composition of different sweeteners Component HFCS-42 HFCS-55 Sucrose Invert sugar Honey Corn syrup Fructose Percentage Fructose 42 55 50 45 49 0 100 Glucose 53 42 50 45 43 100 100 Other sugar 5 3 0 10 5 100 0 Moisture 29 23 5 25 18 20 5 Corn is high in starch, which is a chain of glucose molecule During the 1980s, when soda organizations embraced HFCS held together. Exactly when the chains are broken isolated, into their mark colas, HFCS use started to supplant refined single glucose molecules were released and structure glucose sugar (sucrose) in the food supply [10]. Beginning in 2005, syrup. During the 1970s, analysts made sense of how to about 42% of the per capita sugar supply is HFCS. Reflecting change over glucose into fructose, and the resulting thing was the globule in caloric sugar per capita accessibility, HFCS per named high fructose corn syrup. In spite of the fact that capita accessibility, balanced for misfortunes, has likewise accurate in regard to the term glucose syrup, the name high declined as of late [11]. fructose corn syrup has, consistently, been a wellspring of High Fructose Corn Syrup Facts chaos for the purchasers and researcher alike [7, 8]. Since the Research affirms that high fructose corn syrup is safe and the presentation of HFCS, wellsprings of caloric sweeteners have same as other essential sweeteners like honey and table sugar. moved in the U.S. Amid the 1970s, sucrose was the essential Each of the three sweeteners contains about a similar sugar [9]. At the point when HFCS was developed, it was coordinated proportion of two sugars—glucose and fructose. explicitly figured to give sweetness proportional to sugar. All HFCS has an equal number of calories from table sugar and together for food and beverage creators to utilize HFCS is equivalent in sweetness. It contains no synthetic or instead of sugar, it was critical that it provides a similar engineered ingredients and it is a natural sweetener. The U.S. dimension of sweetness as sugar with the goal that customers Food and Drug Administration conceded HFCS "Generally would not see a distinction in item sweetness and taste. Recognized as Safe" status for use in food, and endorsed that May-June 404 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),31(3),403-420 ,2019 decision in 1996 after the exhaustive audit. High fructose 2.2. Second Enzymatic Step corn syrup offers various advantages. It keeps food crisp, This liquefaction and dextrinization items are like this improves foods flavors, holds moisture in wheat oats, enables exposed gradually to hydrolysis procedure by keep to breakfast and energy bars moist, empowers heated amyloglucosidase to make a glucose syrup. This is suggested products to be brown better and keeps ingredients evenly to as saccharification, a persistent procedure take up to 75 spread in condiments [12, 13]. hours, contingent upon the measure of catalyst present. The Glucose syrup containing over 90% glucose is utilized in final product of the scarification procedure is a 94-96% high industrial agitation, but syrups utilized in confectionery dextrose hydrolyzate additionally elegant in stage 2 [21, 22]. production comprise differing measures of glucose, higher In the second step, the dextrose is refined to make a high- oligosaccharides, and maltose, dependent on the grade, and quality feedstock essential for the isomerization procedure in can regularly contain 10 to 43 percent glucose. Glucose syrup step 3. The refining procedure lessens the pollutants, for is utilized in food to soften texture, prevent crystallization of example, ash and proteins that can impede the proficiency of sugar, include volume, and enhance flavoring. By changing the isomerization catalyst in step 3. In this procedure, the over a portion of the glucose in corn syrup into fructose dextrose is exposed to a progression of filtration ventures to (utilizing an enzymatic procedure), high quality fructose corn clear the oil and protein. Next, the color of the liquor is syrup can be developed. Depending upon the strategy for removed by a sequence of granulated carbon segments. At hydrolyze the starch and the degree on which the hydrolysis that point, the liquor is exposed to ion exchange system response has permitted to continue, distinct grades of glucose which is de-ionized. Finally, the liquor is vaporized to the syrup are manufactured with distinctive uses and proper level for the third step then treated with magnesium characteristics. The syrup is extensively classified by their particles to restrain any calcium particles that may inhibit the dextrose equivalent (DE). The hydrolysis procedure isomerase action in step 3 [23]. continues, the additionally decreasing sugars are 2.3. Third Enzymatic Step manufactured, and higher the DE. Reliant on the method In the third stage, the dextrose liquor is isomerized to HFCS, utilized, various compositions of glucose syrups henceforth is the core procedure. The isomerization organizes changes unique specialized properties can have a similar DE [14, 15]. over the glucose too much sweeter and therefore Glucose Isomerase progressively important fructose yield. The critical The glucose isomerase is employed to change the starch into advancement that creates this upgraded value possible is the sugar. In the initial step of this procedure, the plant starch business improvement of immobilized glucose isomerase, a (principally from maize) is "melted" and fragmented into the bound enzyme can raised temperatures of the procedure. The fundamental glucose, sugars and fructose. In this procedure, expense of the isomerization enzymes is an essential part of amylases and other starch-part enzymes are utilized. In the the total operating budget in the HFCS procedure. Along next step, glucose isomerase changes a part of the glucose these lines, many research exertion has been dedicated to the into fructose. As glucose is less sweet than fructose, the economics of the enzyme activity and particularly its decay "sweetness" of the glucose-fructose blend accomplishes rate [3]. nearly a similar sweetness as sugar. Syrups with high fructose The utilization of immobilized enzyme reactor frameworks content are referred as fructose syrup, isoglucose or HFCS. (versus cluster responses, with their enzyme) is the typical Especially in the US, these syrups have substituted the beet structure in the industry. In this stage the primary variable is sugar or traditional cane in cola drinks and lemonade [16, the movement of the enzyme that controls the conversion rate 17]. of dextrose to fructose to determine the quality of fructose 2.