Image, Money, Music: More than Business, Less than Autonomous Self Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Daniel Hartley January 2013 Contents Abstract.....................................................................................................................................1 Prologue.....................................................................................................................................4 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................8 1.1 Becoming Commercial.............................................................................................8 1.2 Structure...................................................................................................................11 2 Literature: Opportunities and Opportunity Recognition.................................................22 2.1 Beginning in Entrepreneurship Studies...................................................................22 2.2 Exchanges & Process...............................................................................................25 2.3 The 'Domain': Opportunities & Their Recognition..................................................26 2.4 Social Construction of Entrepreneurship and Opportunity......................................31 2.41 Embeddedness & Social Networks........................................................................33 2.5 Learning to become Entrepreneurial: Beyond Constraints and Incentives of Opportunity Information...........................................................................................36 2.6 Interlude: Words, not Numbers................................................................................40 2.61 Text.........................................................................................................................41 2.7 Narrative & Story as Entrepreneurial Practice.........................................................43 2.8 Effectuation..............................................................................................................48 2.81 Beginning in Pure Experience................................................................................50 2.82 Afterthought............................................................................................................53 2.9 Summary...................................................................................................................57 2.10 Processual Entrepreneurial Study............................................................................61 2.11 G.L.S. Shackle: An Entrepreneurial Experience.....................................................67 2.112 The Scheme of Things & Imagination……………………………………………67 2.113 The Opportunity…………………………………………………………………..71 2.114 Opportunity as Experienced………………………………………………………75 2.12 Edith Penrose & Images..........................................................................................77 2.121 Beginning Again in Entrepreneurship Studies......................................................77 2.13 Images..................................................................................................................79 2.14 Entrepreneurial Settings …..................................................................................81 2.15 Approaching Methodology: Michel de Certeau and Practices of Everyday Life...............................................................................................................86 2.16 Research Questions..............................................................................................92 3 Turn to Face Opportunity in Everyday Entrepreneurial Practice.................................93 3.1 Mixed-Site Case Study...........................................................................................93 3.2 Sampling.................................................................................................................99 3.3 Data Creation..........................................................................................................100 3.31 Inter-views............................................................................................................104 3.32 Observation..........................................................................................................110 3.33 Field Notes...........................................................................................................114 3.4 Interpretation..........................................................................................................115 4 Historical and Institutional Settings of Musical Entrepreneurship................................118 4.1 Independent Musical Business in Britain 1970-.....................................................112 4.2 The Territory............................................................................................................130 4.3 Liverpool.................................................................................................................133 5 Meeting the Sites..................................................................................................................149 5.1 Bill Drummond and The17.....................................................................................149 5.2 Little Boots..............................................................................................................150 5.3 a.P.A.t.T...................................................................................................................152 5.4 Geoff Davies, Probe Records, and the Probe Plus record label..............................154 5.5 James Barton & Cream...........................................................................................156 6 Geoff Davies & Probe..........................................................................................................158 6.1 Image 1: The Emergence of Probe................................................................................158 6.2 Image 2: Probe Plus Records........................................................................................163 6.3 Discussion.....................................................................................................................174 7 James Barton, Cream and Creamfields...........................................................................194 7.1 Image 1: The Emergence of Cream............................................................................194 7.2 Image 2: The Formalisation of Space- Creamfields...................................................203 7.3 Discussion...................................................................................................................209 8 Little Boots..........................................................................................................................228 8.1 Image 1: The Emergence of Little Boots & Getting Connected...........................230 8.2 Image 2: Making the Nexus Work........................................................................237 8.3 Discussion.............................................................................................................240 9 a.P.A.t.T...............................................................................................................................258 9.1 Image 1: The Emergence of a.P.A.t.T and Post Music...............................................261 9.2 Image 2: Don't Drop The Dumbells............................................................................271 9.3 Discussion.............................................................................................................282 10 Drummond and The17....................................................................................................297 10.1 Image 1: The Emergence of The17.....................................................................299 10.2 Image 2: Callanish Stones - A New Beginning...................................................304 10.3 Discussion...........................................................................................................307 11 Discussion.........................................................................................................................315 11.1 The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurial Self & Opportunity.............................................................................................................................315 11.2 Practical & Instrumental Economic Man...........................................................319 11.3 Images, Money, Music: More than Business, Less than Autonomous Self........................................................................................................321 11.4 Strategies & Tactics.............................................................................................323 11.5 'Outside' as Resource & Relation........................................................................325 11.6 Creation of Distinct Entrepreneurial Self & Opportunity...................................327 11.7 Resistance & Indistinct Entrepreneurial Selves & Opportunities.......................330 11.8 Independence.......................................................................................................333 11.9 Anonymity & The Unnamable............................................................................335