Copyright in Scotland: Is the Scottish Publishing Industry Capitalising on its Intellectual Property? By Melanie Ramdarshan Bold A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Edinburgh Napier University, for the award of Doctor of Philosophy May 2012 Contents Contents......................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................... v Declaration................................................................................... vi Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................vii List of figures...............................................................................viii Abstract........................................................................................ ix CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION........................................................................1 1.1. Research questions and aims............................................................1 1.2. What are Intellectual Property Rights? ..............................................2 1.3. Historical Development of IP and Copyright ......................................9 1.4. The Development of the Copyright Legislation ................................22 1.4.1. Extension of copyright term.......................................................22 1.4.2. Extension to other forms ...........................................................23 1.4.3. Moral Rights ..............................................................................25 1.4.4. The current copyright term ........................................................26 1.4.5. Internationalisation of copyright.................................................27 1.5. Copyright Theories ..........................................................................30 1.6. Organisation of thesis ......................................................................40 1.7. Significance of research...................................................................44 CHAPTER TWO:THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY .......................45 2.1. Chapter Summary............................................................................45 2.2. Contemporary Intellectual Property Issues ......................................45 2.2.1. Intellectual Property in the Digital Age.......................................45 2.2.2. Piracy in the Digital Environment ..............................................56 2.2.3. The Google Book Search settlement.........................................62 2.2.4. Media Convergence ..................................................................69 2.2.5. The End of the Copyright Monopoly?........................................71 i 2.2.6. The Dual Nature of Copyright....................................................75 2.2.7. ‘Copyleft’ and the Open Source Movement...............................78 2.2.8. The Government and Intellectual Property................................82 2.2.9. A Balanced Intellectual Property System ..................................89 2.2.10. Globalisation and Intellectual Property....................................90 2.2.11. Competing in the Global Market..............................................93 2.3. Selling Rights...................................................................................98 2.3.1. The History of Rights Sales in the Publishing Industry..............98 2.3.2. Contemporary Issues in Selling Rights....................................101 2.3.3. Rights Trading: Online and face-to-face..................................104 2.3.4. International Rights Sales .......................................................106 2.3.5. Volume and Subsidiary Rights ................................................107 2.3.5.1. Territorial Rights (English Language and Foreign) ...........108 2.3.5.2. Electronic and Multimedia Rights......................................113 2.3.5.3. Dramatic Rights ................................................................117 2.3.5.4. Merchandising rights.........................................................122 CHAPTER THREE:AUTHORS AND AGENTS....................................................126 3.1. Chapter Outline..............................................................................126 3.2. What is an Author? ........................................................................126 3.3. The Historical Development of Authorship.....................................128 3.3.1. The Statute of Anne and Authorship .......................................129 3.3.2. Authorship as a Profession .....................................................131 3.3.3. Authorial construction: Against the notion of the author ..........135 3.3.4. Collaborative Creativity ...........................................................136 3.3.5. The Public Domain and the Author..........................................139 3.3.6. Authors as Celebrities and the effect of the brand name.........143 3.3.7. The Effects of the Development of the Media on Authorship ..147 3.3.8. The Publishing Contract..........................................................148 3.4. What is a Literary Agent?...............................................................153 3.5. The Rise of the Literary Agent: Historical Development ................154 CHAPTER FOUR:METHODOLOGY.................................................................161 4.1. Chapter Summary..........................................................................161 ii 4.2. Introduction....................................................................................161 4.2.1. The Scottish Publishing Industry: Historical Development ......161 4.2.2. Research Rationale.................................................................168 4.2.3. Study Focus ............................................................................170 4.3. Research Methods.........................................................................176 4.3.1. Interview Method.....................................................................176 4.3.1.1. Different types of Interviews .............................................178 4.3.1.2. Semi-structured Interviews ...............................................179 4.3.1.3. Semi-structured Interviews with Scottish Literary Agencies ......................................................................................................181 4.3.1.4. Semi-structured Interviews with Scottish Authors.............183 4.3.1.5. Semi-structured interviews with London-based Literary Agents ...........................................................................................184 4.3.1.6. Semi-structured Interviews with Scottish Publishers.........187 4.3.2. Self-Completion Questionnaire Surveys..................................188 4.3.2.1. Self-completion Survey to Scottish Publishers .................195 4.3.2.2. Self-completion questionnaire survey to Scottish authors 198 4.3.2.3. Survey Gizmo/Online surveys...........................................199 4.3.3. Secondary Analysis of Data ....................................................201 4.5. Analysis of the Data.......................................................................204 4.5.1. Reliability and Validity .............................................................204 4.5.2. Analysis of Surveys.................................................................206 4.5.3. Analysis of Semi-structured Interviews....................................208 4.6. Conclusion.....................................................................................210 CHAPTER FIVE:AUTHORS AND AGENTS DISCUSSION.....................................212 5.1. Chapter summary ..........................................................................212 5.2. Contemporary Issues for Authors ..................................................213 5.3. Contemporary Issues for Literary Agents.......................................214 5.4. A picture of Scottish Authors..........................................................217 5.4.1. Scottish Writers and their Income ...........................................222 5.4.2. Scottish Authors and Literary Agents ......................................238 5.4.3. Scottish Authors and the Importance of Rights .......................249 5.5. A Picture of Literary Agents ...........................................................264 iii 5.5.1. Scotland vs. England: Agents .................................................272 5.5.2. Scotland Vs. England: Publishers ...........................................276 5.5.3. Literary Agents and their Authors............................................282 5.5.4. Rights Exploitation...................................................................288 5.5.5. Electronic Publishing...............................................................301 5.6. Conclusion.....................................................................................304 CHAPTER SIX:THE SCOTTISH PUBLISHING INDUSTRY ...................................308 6.1. Chapter Outline..............................................................................308 6.2. The Current Shape of the Scottish Publishing Industry .................309 6.3. Contemporary Issues.....................................................................317 6.3.1. Literary Agents ........................................................................317 6.3.2. Canongate...............................................................................326