THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY G. P. GOOLD, PH.D. PREVIOUS EDITORS t Τ. E. PAGE, C.H., LiTT.D. f E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. t W. H. D. ROUSE, LITT.D. t L. A. POST, L.H.D. Ε. H. WARMINGTON, Μ.Δ., F.R.HIST.SOC. PHILO IV 261 PHILO IN TEN VOLUMES (AND TWO SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUMES) IV WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY F. H. COLSON, M.A. LATE FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE AND THE REV. G. H. WHITAKER, M.A. LATE FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMT.XXXV American ISBN 0-674-99287-3 British ISBN 0 434 99261 5 First printed 1932 Reprinted 1939, 1949, 1958, 1968, 1985 Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV PAGH PREFACE vii LIST OF PHILO'S WORKS xi ON THE CONFUSION OF TONGUES (DE CON- FUSIONE LlNGUARUM) Introduction 2 Text and Translation 8 ON THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM (DE MIGRA- ΤΙΟΝΕ ABRAHAMl) Introduction 123 Text and Translation 132 WHO IS THE HEIR OF DIVINE THINGS (QUIS RERUM DIVINARUM HERES)— Introduction · . 270 Text and Translation 284 ON MATING WITH THE PRELIMINARY STUDIES (DE CONGRESSU QUAERENDAE ERUDITIONIS GRATIA)— Introduction .451 Text and Translation ....... 458 ν CONTENTS APPENDICES— PAGE I. To De Confusione Linguarum . · . 553 II. To De Migratione Abrahami . 560 III. To Quis Return Divinarum Heres . 567 IV. To De Congressu quaerendae Erudi- tionis gratia 577 PREFACE TO VOLUME IV As was stated in the Preface to the last volume, Mr. Whitaker's versions of the treatises he had agreed to take in this volume and the fifth were in existence at his death. As it happens, however, his part in this volume was confined to one treatise of the four, viz. the De Migration*. This had reached the typescript stage, and just before his death I had sent him some corrections or suggestions which he had accepted. Since then, however, I have made a good many further alterations in that treatise. On the De Con- fusione he had sent me only a few suggestions, and my versions of the other two treatises he had not seen at all. Altogether I feel that, for good or for ill, I must take the final responsibility for this volume, and I have therefore ceased to use such phrases as " The Translators think " and used the first person singular instead. That the work has suffered by his absence, and that there are sure to be many things which I should have altered or modi­ fied if I had had his advice, need hardly be said. A misunderstanding shewn by a reviewer makes me think that it would be well to say something about the textual notes. My own view has always been that, while it would be beyond the scope of a work of this kind to indicate the variants in the MSS., places in which the text printed has no MS. authority should be recorded. Mr. Whitaker did not altogether vii PREFACE agree with me, and consequently in the first two volumes there was no consistent attempt to give this information, though the reproduction of the angular and square brackets did indicate insertions and omissions in the text. In the third volume and this, however, I have made it a rule to note all cases (except such as are merely orthographical) where the text printed is purely conjectural, however certain the conjectures may be.a Further, it is to be understood that, unless it is stated otherwise, the text printed is that of Wendland. It does not follow, however, that any particular emendation of the text is due to Wendland, as I have not thought it neces­ sary to distinguish between his emendations and those of Mangey, Markland and Turnebus, so long as he himself has adopted them. I also note all cases where I have not followed Wendland's text, and, where the emendation is our own, have stated the fact. Of these last there are not many. But there are a good many more noted in footnotes or appendix where I feel fairly confident that the reading we have suggested is right, but have not that degree of certitude which would justify my printing it in the text itself. As to Wendland's corrections, while I accept without question the facts of his apparatus criticus, I do not, as the work progresses, feel the same confidence in his judgement. He does not seem to me to consider sufficiently how the text which he adopts came to be corrupted to the form which it has in the MSS. On the whole, however, the principle laid down in the preface of the first volume, that where hesitation does not amount to conviction the β Omissions and insertions are of course not noted in the footnotes, as the brackets speak for themselves. viii PREFACE text of this standard edition should be preserved, has been followed in this volume with modification. A mild regret has also been expressed that no account of the MSS. has been given. It is perhaps a pity that this was not attempted in the General Introduction. In apology it may be said that, leav­ ing out of consideration excerpts and quotations, which form a considerable part of the evidence for the text, the MSS. used by Cohn and Wendland, few of which are earlier than the thirteenth century and none earlier than the eleventh or tenth, amount to more than twenty in the six volumes and vary greatly with the different treatises ; and that Cohn has declared at the end of his survey that no single MS. or family of MSS. stands out in such a way that anything more than an eclectic recension of Philo's text is possible.α I cannot conclude without again expressing the greatness of the debt I owe to Leisegang's index. True, there are a good many words absent, on which one would be glad to be able to investigate Philo's usage, and of the words dealt with I have sometimes found examples omitted, so that one has to be cautious in drawing negative conclusions from it. Still, on the whole, it is an admirable piece of work, and not only the present translator but all future editors of Philo will have in their hands an instrument which Mangey and Wendland would have given much to possess. „ „ n r. xi. C February 1932. a Prolegomena to Vol. I, p. xli. ix LIST OF PHILO'S WORKS SHOWING THEIR DIVISION INTO VOLUMES IN THIS EDITION VOLUME I. On the Creation (De Opificio Mundi) Allegorical Interpretation (Legum Allegoriae) II. On the Cherubim (De Cherubim) On the Sacrifices of Abel and Cain (De Sacrinciis Abelis et Caini) The Worse attacks the Better (Quod Deterius Potiori insidiari solet) On the Posterity and Exile of Cain (De Posteritate Caini) On the Giants (De Gigantibus) III. On the Unchangeableness of God (Quod Deus im- mutabilis sit) On Husbandry {De Agricultura) On Noah's Work as a Planter (De Plantatione) On Drunkenness (De Ebrietate) On Sobriety (De Sobrietate) IV. On the Confusion of Tongues (De Confusione Lin- guarum) On the Migration of Abraham (De Migratione Abrahami) Who is the Heir (Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres) On the Preliminary Studies (De Congressu quaerendae Eruditionis gratia) V. On Flight and Finding (De Fuga et Inventione) On the Change of Names (De Mutatione Nominum) On Dreams (De Somniis) VI. On Abraham (De Abrahamo) On Joseph (De Iosepho) Moses (De Vita Mosis) xl LIST OF PHILO'S WORKS VOLUME VII. On the Decalogue (De Decalogo) On the Special Laws Books I-III (De Specialibus Legibus) VIII. On the Special Laws Book IV (De Specialibus Legi­ bus) On the Virtues (De Virtutibus) On Rewards and Punishments (De Praemiis et Poenis) IX. Every Good Man is Free (Quod Omnis Probus Liber sit) On the Contemplative Life (De Vita Contemplativa) On the Eternity of the World (De Aeternitate Mundi) Flaccus (In Flaccum) Hypothetica1 (Apologia pro Iudaeis) On Providence1 (De Providentia) X. On the Embassy to Gaius (De Legatione ad Gaium) GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUMES I-X SUPPLEMENT I. Questions and Answers on Genesis1 (Quaestiones et Solutiones in Genesin) II. Questions and Answers on Exodus a (Quaestiones et Solutiones in Exodum) GENERAL INDEX TO SUPPLEMENTS I-II 1 Only two fragments extant. 1 Extant only in an Armenian version. xii ON THE CONFUSION OF TONGUES (DE CONFUSIONE LINGUARUM) ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION THE text of this treatise is Gen. xi. 1-9? which is given in full in the first section. Philo begins by stating the objections which the sceptical critics had brought against the story. They had said that the project of building a tower to reach heaven was really the same as the Homeric myth of the Aloeidae (2-4), and had pointed out the absurdity of the idea (5). Secondly they had said that the story of the confusion of tongues was much the same as the fable that all animals originally understood each other's language and lost the privilege by pre­ sumption (6-8), and though the story in Genesis was a little more rational, still the idea that the multipli­ cation of languages would serve to prevent co-opera­ tion in sin was absurd (9-13). Philo will leave the literalists to answer these criticisms as they can. His own answer is to give an allegorical interpreta­ tion of the whole story (14-15). By " one lip and one voice " Moses is indicating a " symphony " of evils, which is seen not only in the multitude, but in the individual (16), where it some­ times takes the form of the external calamities of fortune (16-20), but still more in the passions which beset the soul (21-22), of which the deluge story is an allegory (23-25), as also the alliance against Abraham (26), and the attack of the whole people of Sodom upon the angel visitors (27-28).