b bb bbbera bbbbon.com bbbb Basic Photography in 180 Days Book V - Camera Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 Camera ................................................ 1 1.1.1 Functional description ..................................... 2 1.1.2 History ............................................ 2 1.1.3 Mechanics ........................................... 5 1.1.4 Formats ............................................ 8 1.1.5 Camera accessories ...................................... 8 1.1.6 Camera design history .................................... 8 1.1.7 Image gallery ......................................... 12 1.1.8 See also ............................................ 14 1.1.9 References .......................................... 15 1.1.10 Bibliography ......................................... 16 1.1.11 External links ......................................... 17 2 Day 2 18 2.1 Camera obscura ............................................ 18 2.1.1 Physical explanation ...................................... 19 2.1.2 Technology .......................................... 19 2.1.3 History ............................................ 20 2.1.4 Role in the modern age .................................... 31 2.1.5 Examples ........................................... 32 2.1.6 Public access ......................................... 33 2.1.7 See also ............................................ 33 2.1.8 Notes ............................................. 34 2.1.9 References .......................................... 34 2.1.10 Sources ............................................ 36 3 Day 3 39 3.1 Pinhole camera ............................................ 39 3.1.1 History ............................................ 39 3.1.2 Usage ............................................. 39 3.1.3 Characteristics of pinhole camera photography ........................ 40 3.1.4 Construction ......................................... 40 i ii CONTENTS 3.1.5 Selection of pinhole size ................................... 41 3.1.6 Calculating the f-number & required exposure ........................ 42 3.1.7 Coded apertures ........................................ 44 3.1.8 World Pinhole Day ...................................... 44 3.1.9 See also ............................................ 44 3.1.10 References .......................................... 44 3.1.11 External links ......................................... 45 3.1.12 Further reading ........................................ 45 4 Day 4 46 4.1 Single-lens reflex camera ....................................... 46 4.1.1 History ............................................ 47 4.1.2 Optical components ...................................... 52 4.1.3 Shutter mechanisms ...................................... 53 4.1.4 Further developments ..................................... 55 4.1.5 Film formats ......................................... 56 4.1.6 Common features ....................................... 57 4.1.7 Advantages .......................................... 57 4.1.8 Disadvantages ......................................... 58 4.1.9 Future of SLRs ........................................ 60 4.1.10 See also ............................................ 60 4.1.11 References .......................................... 60 4.1.12 Further reading ........................................ 60 4.1.13 External links ......................................... 60 5 Day 5 61 5.1 Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera ................................ 61 5.1.1 New technologies in mirrorless cameras ........................... 63 5.1.2 Market ............................................ 65 5.1.3 History ............................................ 66 5.1.4 Systems comparison ..................................... 68 5.1.5 References .......................................... 68 6 Day 6 70 6.1 Twin-lens reflex camera ........................................ 70 6.1.1 History ............................................ 70 6.1.2 Features ............................................ 70 6.1.3 Advantages .......................................... 71 6.1.4 Disadvantages ......................................... 72 6.1.5 Film formats ......................................... 72 6.1.6 Notes ............................................. 73 6.1.7 External links ......................................... 73 CONTENTS iii 7 Day 7 82 7.1 Image sensor .............................................. 82 7.1.1 CCD vs CMOS technology .................................. 82 7.1.2 Performance ......................................... 83 7.1.3 Color separation ........................................ 83 7.1.4 Specialty sensors ....................................... 84 7.1.5 Sensors used in digital cameras ................................ 86 7.1.6 Companies .......................................... 86 7.1.7 See also ............................................ 87 7.1.8 References .......................................... 88 7.1.9 External links ......................................... 88 7.2 Image sensor format .......................................... 88 7.2.1 Sensor size and depth of field ................................ 88 7.2.2 Sensor size, noise and dynamic range ............................ 90 7.2.3 Sensor size and diffraction .................................. 91 7.2.4 Sensor format and lens size .................................. 92 7.2.5 Active area of the sensor ................................... 92 7.2.6 Sensor size and shading effects ................................ 92 7.2.7 Common image sensor formats ................................ 93 7.2.8 See also ............................................ 97 7.2.9 Notes and references ..................................... 97 7.2.10 External links ......................................... 99 8 Day 8 100 8.1 Full-frame digital SLR ......................................... 100 8.1.1 Use of 35mm film-camera lenses ............................... 100 8.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of full-frame digital SLRs ................... 100 8.1.3 Past and present full-frame digital cameras .......................... 102 8.1.4 Features of some full frame DSLR cameras ......................... 104 8.1.5 Prototype full-frame digital SLRs ............................... 105 8.1.6 See also ............................................ 105 8.1.7 References .......................................... 105 9 Day 9 107 9.1 Digital single-lens reflex camera .................................... 107 9.1.1 Design of DSLR cameras .................................. 107 9.1.2 Features commonly seen in DSLR designs .......................... 108 9.1.3 History ............................................ 115 9.1.4 DSLRs compared to other digital cameras .......................... 120 9.1.5 See also ............................................ 122 9.1.6 References .......................................... 122 9.1.7 External links ......................................... 124 iv CONTENTS 9.2 CMOS ................................................. 124 9.2.1 Technical details ....................................... 124 9.2.2 Inversion ........................................... 125 9.2.3 Power: switching and leakage ................................ 128 9.2.4 Analog CMOS ........................................ 129 9.2.5 Temperature range ...................................... 129 9.2.6 Single-electron CMOS transistors .............................. 129 9.2.7 See also ............................................ 129 9.2.8 References .......................................... 130 9.2.9 Further reading ........................................ 130 9.2.10 External links ......................................... 130 9.3 Active pixel sensor ........................................... 135 9.3.1 History ............................................ 135 9.3.2 Comparison to CCDs ..................................... 136 9.3.3 Architecture .......................................... 137 9.3.4 Design variants ........................................ 139 9.3.5 See also ............................................ 141 9.3.6 References .......................................... 141 9.3.7 Further reading ........................................ 142 9.3.8 External links ......................................... 142 9.4 Charge-coupled device ........................................ 142 9.4.1 History ............................................ 142 9.4.2 Basics of operation ...................................... 144 9.4.3 Detailed physics of operation ................................. 145 9.4.4 Architecture .......................................... 146 9.4.5 Use in astronomy ....................................... 152 9.4.6 Color cameras ......................................... 154 9.4.7 Blooming ........................................... 156 9.4.8 See also ............................................ 156 9.4.9 References .......................................... 157 9.4.10 External links ......................................... 158 9.5 Shutter (photography) ......................................... 158 9.5.1 Camera shutter ........................................ 159 9.5.2 Shutter lag ........................................... 162 9.5.3 Shutter cycle ......................................... 162 9.5.4 Projector shutter ....................................... 162 9.5.5 See also ............................................ 162 9.5.6 References .......................................... 162 9.6 Mode dial ..............................................