To return to CWPublisher homepage, go to http://www.angelfire.com/un/cwp/. NOTE: This is a PDF-formatted copy of Edward Terrar’s The Economic, Political, Social and Religious Beliefs of the Maryland Catholic Laboring People During the Period of the English Civil War, 1639-1660 (1996). The original 1996 edition, which is now out of print, had 467 pages of text, with an additional 13 pages of front material, which included a title page, a listing of contents, abbreviations, tables, maps and illustrations, and acknowledgments. This PDF version has 479 pages of text. There are 493 pages when the front material is included. The reason for the increased number of pages is that the spacing in the index was increased in the PDF version. Except for the index, the page numbering in the PDF version is the same as the 1996 edition. The illustrations in the 1996 edition have been eliminated from the PDF version. They will be added back shortly. Social, Economic and Religious Beliefs among Maryland Catholic Laboring People During the Period of the English Civil War, 1639-1660 Edward Terrar CWP Silver Spring, Maryland 1996 Publishers Cataloging-in-Publication Data Terrar, Edward Toby, 1944- Social, Economic and Religious Beliefs among Maryland Catholic Laboring People During the Period of the English Civil War, 1639- 1660/Edward Toby Terrar Includes bibliographical references, index, maps and illustrations. ISBN 0-9764168-5-9. 1. Intellectual life--History. 2. Catholics--Maryland--History--17th Century. 3. Catholic Church--Clergy. 4. Catholic Church--Doctrines--History. 5. History (Theology). 6. History of doctrines--Middle Ages--Thomas, Aquinas, Saint, 1225. 7. Liberation Theology. 8. Labor theory of value. 9. Antinomianism. 10. Spirituality. 11. Jesuits--History. 12. Drama--History. 13. Philosophy--History. 14. Politics--History. 15. Working class--Maryland--Religious life--17th century. 16. Working class--Maryland--Social conditions--17th century. 17. Maryland--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. 18. Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. 19. Massachusetts--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. 20. Puritans--Massachusetts. 21. Canada--History--To 1763 (New France). 22. Indians--History. 23. England--Church History--17th century. 24. Great Britain--History--Civil War, 1642-1649. 25. Africa--Church History. 26. Africa, West--History. 27. Africa--Politics and government. 28. Brazil--History--17th century. 29. Latin America--History. 30. Ireland--History--1649-1660. 31. Portugal--History--Spanish dynasty, 1580-1640. F190.C3 T47 1996 975.2’02 CWP 15405 Short Ridge Ct. Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 http://www.angelfire.com/un/cwp To order: (301) 598 5427 E-Mail: [email protected] CONTENTS List of Tables, Maps & Illustrations................................................... v Abbreviations vi Note on Quotations, Dating, and Money Values xii Note on "Career Files" xiv Acknowledgements xvi Introduction: The Argument, Methodology, and English Demographic-Career Background..................................... 1 The Argument 1 Background: Demographic and Career Aspects of English Catholicism 17 Chapter 1: The English Catholic Belief Background Concerning Labor, Politics, the Clergy, and the Market....................... 35 Catholic Labor Beliefs in England 35 Catholic Political Beliefs in England 42 English Catholic Beliefs about the Clergy 62 Catholic Market Beliefs in England 75 Chapter 2: The Demographic and Career Backgrounds of the Maryland Catholics and their Beliefs about Labor........... 89 Maryland Demographic Background 89 Beliefs of Laboring People 94 Maryland Landlord Beliefs 114 The English Gentry's Beliefs About Labor 122 Chapter 3: The Political Beliefs of Maryland Catholics.......................... 143 Self-Government and the Proprietor 143 Independence from Proprietor: Legislative 145 Independence from Proprietor: Judicial 149 Independence from Proprietor: Taxation 151 Independence from the Crown 156 Royalist Accusations 161 Gentry Catholics in England 173 Chapter 4: Beliefs about the Role of the Clergy................................... 181 Parish Ministry 181 Obstacles to Ministry 186 Assembly Legislation Concerning Clergy's Role: Praemunire 196 Legislation: Pastors 204 Legislation: Church Courts 205 Legislation: Tax, Military & Court Liability 210 Legislation: Mortmain 211 Legislation: Oaths and Covenants 214 Legislation: Argument 216 iii iv CONTENTS Chapter 5: Beliefs about the Market............................................... 221 Depression Market Conditions 221 Collectivist Corn Legislation 223 Collectivist Tobacco Legislation 228 Collectivist Land & Labor Legislation 233 Legislation: Pelts, Merchants & Officials 236 Legislation: Local Merchants & Officials 237 Legislation: Foreign Merchants & Officials 239 English Catholic Gentry Beliefs about the Market 243 Chapter 6: Catholic Beliefs in Relation to Gender................................ 257 Gender: Demographic Background 258 Legislation: Contract Rights 263 Legislation: Civil Marriage 264 Court Decisions and Customs 266 Customs: Family Formation 268 English Catholic Gentry: Primogeniture 272 English Catholic Gentry: Celibacy 274 English Catholic Gentry: Obedience 277 Beliefs in Relation to Race................................................... 278 African & Indian Demography 279 Religious Background 281 African & Indian Laboring Background 285 Conoy Labor Beliefs 287 Conoy Political Beliefs 289 Conoy Religious Beliefs 292 Conoy Market Beliefs 296 Conclusion.............................................................................. 301 Appendix 1: Biographical Information on the Documented and Some Undocumented Catholics in Md. During the Civil War Period 307 Appendix 2: Documented Catholics Arranged According to Decade of Arrival and Status upon Arrival 315 Appendix 3: Documented Catholics in Non-Agrarian Trades 319 Appendix 4: Catholics in the Assembly during the Civil War Period 320 Appendix 5: Md. Catholics Who Carried on Business as Usual in 1645 Overthrow and Those Against Whom Hostility Was Directed 323 Appendix 6: Religion of St. Mary's Troops in Battle of Severn, 1655 325 Appendix 7: Chronology of the Civil War Period in England and Md. 326 Appendix 8: Saints' Days and Other Festivals 329 Selected Bibliography................................................................. 331 I. Europe (Ancient, Middle Ages)/England (general) 331 II. England (Catholic)/Ireland 336 III. Maryland primary 340 IV. Maryland secondary................................................... 350 V. Africa/African-American/Indian 354 CONTENTS v VI. Women 358 VII. Economic/Political/Social 358 VIII. Intellectual (primary) 364 IX. Intellectual (secondary) 374 X. America (general)/New England/NY/Virginia/ Delaware 378 XI. Religion (general)/Rome/Italy 381 XII. France/Canada/Dutch Republic/Flanders 383 XIII. Spain/Portugal/Mexico/South Am/Caribbean/ Brazil 384 XIV. Law 386 Index.................................................................................... 391 LIST OF TABLES, ILLUSTRATIONS & MAPS Table 1-1: Occupations of Warwickshire Recusants ............................. 31 Table 1-2: Expenditures and Receipts for a 100 Acre Farm 32 Table (Footnote): Percentage of Owner-Operator Farms over Time 91 Table 2-1: Euro-Catholic Population Estimates 92 Table 2-2: Arrival Status 94 Table 2-3 Non-Landowner Figures in 1642......................................... 96 Table (footnote): Days Required for Tasks 99 Table 2-4: Property Distribution in St. Mary's Co., 1642 116 Table 3-1 Religion of Maryland Assembly Members 145 Table (footnote): Maryland Literacy Rates 148 Table (footnote): Those Who Abandoned Maryland 168 Table 5-1: Fees for Public Officials................................................ 238 Illustration 1: Weights and Money x Illustration 2: Tobacco Farmer xiii Illustration 3: Protest against Monopoly 255 Illustration 4: Algonquian Boatmakers 300 Illustration 5: Laboring Trades 306 Illustration 6: Destroying Tobacco Suckers ..................................... 318 Illustration 7: St. Paul's Cathedral, London 322 Illustration 8: Leveling of Calvert's In-laws 324 Illustration 9: Soldiers 325 Illustration 10: Tobacco Pipes 328 Illustration 11: House Construction 330 Illustration 12: Congo Fishing-nets 389 Illustration 13: Landlord Catholicism ............................................. 390 Map 1: English Counties 88 Map 2: Civil War Period Catholic England, Wales and Ireland 141 Map 3: Europe, Africa and America in the 1640s 142 Map 4: St. Mary's in the 1640s 180 Map 5: European-Md. Locations in the Civil War Period 220 Map 6: Maryland Indian Locations in the Seventeenth Century ............ 256 vi ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations have been used in the notes. ACHSPR American Catholic Historical Soc. of Philadelphia, Records. AgHR Agricultural History Review (Oxford). AH Agricultural History (Berkeley, Cal.). AHR American Historical Review (Washington, D.C.). AHSJ Archivium Historicum Societatis Jesu (Rome). AJLH American Journal of Legal History (Philadelphia). Blitzer, Commonwealth Documents. Charles Blitzer (ed.), The Commonwealth of Eng.: Docs. of the English Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1641-1660 (NY: G. P. Putnam, 1963). Calv. Pap. "Calvert Papers," Fund Publ. (Balt: Hist. Soc., 1889), no. 28. "Career Files" St. Mary's City Commission, "Career Files of Seventeenth- Century Western Shore Residents," (manuscript, 27 boxes (men), 4 boxes (women), Annapolis: Hall of Records). CCSP Edward Hyde, Calendar of the Clarendon State