Ethnicity and Migration in Auckland February 2013 Technical Report 2013/012 Auckland Council Technical Report, TR2013/012 ISSN 2230-4525 (Print) ISSN 2230-4533 (Online) ISBN 978-1-927216-33-0 (Print) ISBN 978-1-927216-34-7 (PDF) This report has been peer reviewed by the Peer Review Panel using the Panel’s terms of reference Submitted for review on 11 February 2013 Review completed on 17 May 2013 Reviewed by two reviewers Approved for Auckland Council publication by: Name: Grant Barnes Position: Manager Research, Investigations and Monitoring Unit Date: 17 May 2013 Recommended citation: Gilbertson, Amanda and Meares, Carina (2013). Ethnicity and migration in Auckland. Auckland Council technical report, TR2013/012. © 2013 Auckland Council This publication is provided strictly subject to Auckland Council’s copyright and other intellectual property rights (if any) in the publication. 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Ethnicity and Migration in Auckland Prepared for Community and Cultural Strategy Unit by: Dr Amanda Gilbertson and Dr Carina Meares Social and Economic Research Team Research Investigations and Monitoring Unit Auckland Council Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Immigration ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 New Zealand immigration policy since 1986 ........................................................... 3 2.2 Permanent residency trends ................................................................................... 3 2.3 Overseas born populations ..................................................................................... 5 2.4 Length of time in New Zealand................................................................................ 7 2.5 Spatiality of migrant settlement in Auckland ............................................................ 7 3.0 Characteristics of ethnic groups in Auckland ............................................................ 12 3.1 Ethnic composition in Auckland............................................................................. 13 3.2 Ethnicity by local board area.. ............................................................................... 14 3.3 Ethnicity by birthplace ........................................................................................... 16 3.4 Age-sex structure of ethnic groups ........................................................................ 16 3.5 Labour force status, unemployment and NEET youth ........................................... 19 3.6 Occupation ........................................................................................................... 22 3.7 Skill-based underemployment of immigrants ......................................................... 23 3.8 Educational qualifications...................................................................................... 24 3.9 Personal income ................................................................................................... 27 4.0 Projections ............................................................................................................... 29 5.0 Why Auckland? ........................................................................................................ 30 6.0 International students ............................................................................................... 31 7.0 Refugees .................................................................................................................. 33 7.1 Demographic characteristics ................................................................................. 33 7.2 Movements to and from New Zealand ................................................................... 34 7.3 Housing ................................................................................................................ 34 7.4 Language and literacy ........................................................................................... 34 7.5 Education .............................................................................................................. 35 7.6 Employment .......................................................................................................... 35 7.7 Income .................................................................................................................. 36 7.8 Health and well-being ............................................................................................. 37 7.9 Social networks ..................................................................................................... 37 7.10 Citizenship, identity and belonging .................................................................... 38 7.11 Service provision ............................................................................................... 39 7.12 Youth and children ............................................................................................ 40 7.13 Looking back and looking forward ..................................................................... 41 7.14 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 41 8.0 Health ....................................................................................................................... 42 8.1 Health needs assessment of Asian people ........................................................... 42 8.1.1 Summary of key quantitative findings ............................................................. 42 8.1.2 Summary of findings from the health service provider interviews ................... 43 8.1.3 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 44 8.2 Health needs assessment of Middle Eastern, Latin American and African people. 44 8.2.1 Middle Eastern people ................................................................................... 45 8.2.2 African people ................................................................................................ 46 8.2.3 Latin American people ................................................................................... 47 8.2.4 Findings from health service provider (HSP) interviews ................................. 48 8.2.5 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 49 9.0 Ageing ...................................................................................................................... 51 9.1 Overview of ethnic differences .............................................................................. 51 9.2 Happiness and life satisfaction .............................................................................. 52 9.3 Everyday discrimination ........................................................................................ 52 9.4 Health ................................................................................................................... 52 9.5 Loneliness ............................................................................................................ 53 9.6 Living standards .................................................................................................... 53 10.0 Quality of Life Survey ............................................................................................... 54 11.0 General Social Survey .............................................................................................. 56 11.1 Ethnic differences in well-being ......................................................................... 57 11.1.1 Health ............................................................................................................ 57 11.1.2 Knowledge and skills ..................................................................................... 58 11.1.3 Paid work ....................................................................................................... 58 11.1.4 Standard of living ........................................................................................... 59 11.1.5 Housing ......................................................................................................... 60 11.1.6 Physical environment ..................................................................................... 61 11.1.7