Seedtime and Harvest Christian Mission and Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire (1895 - 1920), With Particular Reference to the Ministry of William Wadé Harris Inaugaral-Dissertation in der Theologischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg vorgelegt von Robert Hill Prater aus Erlangen Gedruckt mit Erlaubnis der Theologischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.10.2005 Vorsitzende der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. O. Wischmeyer Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. H. Brandt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. J. Triebel Map 1 Petit Atlas administrative, ethnographique et économique de l’Afrique francaise/Gouvernement général de l’Afrique occidentale francaise; dressé au Service géographique de l’Afrique occidentale francaise 3e éd., Paris, E. Girard, Géographie-Editeur, 1928. Map 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations 6 Table of illustrations 8 PART 1 Christian Mission and Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire In Historico-Political Context 1. Introduction 11 1.1. The Objective of this Research 11 1.2. The Systematic Elaboration and Methodology of this Research 13 1.3. Existing Research Bearing Upon Christian Mission and Colonial Might In Côte d’Ivoire 15 1.4 The Importance of the Subject of This Research 20 1.5 The Operative Concept of Missiology in this Research 21 Excursus: Observations Regarding the Text of Romans 10.14-18 24 a. Introduction 24 b. The Apostle Paul and the Romans 24 c. The Text in Context 25 1.6 Amplification of the Operative Concept of Missiology in this Research 29 PART 2 A Geographical and Historico-Political Perspective of Christian Mission And Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire 2. Introduction 34 2.1 The Government 34 2.2 Demography 35 2.3 The Economy 41 2.4 A Geographical Perception of Non-Human Elements 43 2.4.1 Area 45 2.4.2 Climate: Rainfall Patterns and Temperatures 45 2.4.3 Geology and Relief 48 2.5 A Geographical Perception of Human Elements 53 2.5.1 Beginning People Movements: The Senoufo and Spatially-related Groups 59 2.5.2 The Koulango and Lobi 60 2.5.3 The Southern Mandé 60 2.5.4 The Manding, or Northern Mandé 63 2.5.5 The Krou 63 2 2.5.6 The Lagoon Peoples 68 2.5.7 The Akan 71 PART 3 Foundations of a Modern History of Colonial Might In Côte d’Ivoire 3. Introduction 74 3.1 The Portuguese 75 3.2 The French 78 3.3 La France: Sources of Her Colonial Might To the Sixteenth Century 83 3.4 La France: Developments Pertinent to The Origins of Her Colonial Might, The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 84 3.5 La France: Developments Pertinent to The Expansion of Her Colonial Might, The Eighteenth Century 93 PART 4 Christian Mission and Colonial Might In West Africa: The Nineteenth Century To the Advent of the Third Republic 4. Introduction 101 4.1 The Napoleonic Epoch and Its Consequences 101 4.2 Confrontation With Islam and Its Reform Movements 108 4.3 New Initiatives in Côte d’Ivoire, and in Liberia 112 4.4 Futility in Côte d’Ivoire, Fertility in Senegal 119 4.5 Under The Second Republic and Second Empire 121 4.6 The Faidherbe Era 127 PART 5 Christian Mission and Colonial Might in West Africa: The Nineteenth Century From the Advent of the Third Republic 5. Introduction 132 5.1 Under the Republic 132 5.2 Enduring Muslim Resistance 134 5.3 The Partition of Africa 137 5.4 The Church and Socialism in France Amidst National Pride and Prejudice 144 5.5 Exploration and the Settling of French Authority in West Africa 146 5.6 Le Gouvernement général de l’Afrique occidentale française 157 3 PART 6 Christian Mission and Colonial Might in West Africa: The Founding of The Colony Of Côte d’Ivoire 6. Introduction 164 6.1 Commercial Enterprise in Service to French Authority 167 6.2 Taming the West and the Appraisal of Acquired Territory 172 6.3 Governor Binger and his Successors 178 PART 7 The Religious Status of Côte d’Ivoire in 1893: The Eve of Nascent Christian Mission And Colonial Might 7. Introduction 180 7.1 African Traditional Religion (ATR): Arriving at More Precise Definitions 185 7.2 Concepts and Practices of ATR: The Supreme Being 191 7.3 Concepts and Practices of ATR: Lesser Divinities, Ancestors 194 7.4 Concepts and Practices of ATR: Communal and Personal Rituals 197 7.5 African Cosmology 199 7.6 Ethics and Morality 201 7.7 Islam 203 7.8 Early Methods of Islamic Expansion 206 7.9 The Interaction of Islam with ATR 207 7.10 The Interaction of Islam with Christian Mission 211 PART 8 Foundations of the Religious Status of Côte d’Ivoire in 1895, the Origins of Christian Mission and Colonial Might: Roman Catholicism and France 8. Introduction 213 8.1 The Patristic Church 214 8.2 The Imperial Church 215 8.3 The Medieval Church 217 8.4 The Later Medieval and Renaissance Church 222 8.5 Protestamt Reformation and the Age of Discovery 225 8.6 Catholic Reformation, Expanding Christian Mission and Nascent Colonial Might 230 8.7 The Church in the Modern Era 237 PART 9 Christian Mission in Côte d’Ivoire Under Colonial Might: 1895 - 1920 9. Introduction 246 9.1 The Société des Missions Africaines 247 4 9.2 The Apostolic Prefecture of Côte d’Ivoire Under Colonial Might 250 9.3 New Mission Stations in the Prefecture Under Colonial Might: 1897 - 1907, And the Loss of Subventions 258 9.4 Mission and Schools Under Colonial Might: 1907 - 1914 269 9.5 Adjustments to Colonial Might Affecting Christian Mission in Côte d’Ivoire 280 9.6 Roman Catholicism in Europe, and in West Africa Under Twentieth Century Colonial Might 289 PART 10 Christian Mission and Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire: The William Wadé Harris Epoch 10. Introduction 296 10.1 The Prophetic Career: His Call, Message, and Method 303 10.2 An Analysis of the Thought Underlying His Message and Method 323 10.3 The End of His Prophetic Career in Côte d’Ivoire 328 10.4 His Final Days 332 10.5 Evaluations of The Success of His Ministry 334 PART 11 France at War, and Post-War to 1920: Events Shaping Christian Mission And Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire 11. Introduction 337 11.1 Christian Mission and Colonial Might in West Africa, 1914 - 1920 342 11.2 Christian Mission Under Colonial Might: Explosive Growth, The Post-Harris Epoch in Côte d’Ivoire, 1914 - 1920 348 PART 12 Missiological Principles Elicited From Christian Mission Under Colonial Might In West Africa to the Twentieth Century 12. Introduction 358 12.1 Missiological Principles From the Period Prior to the Introduction of Christian Mission Under Colonial Might In Côte d’Ivoire 358 12.2 Missiological Principles From Christian Mission In West Africa, To 1852, With Emphasis Upon Côte d’Ivoire Under Colonial Might 359 12.3 Missiological Principles From Christian Mission Under Colonial Might In Côte d’Ivoire: The Interim, 1852 - 1895 368 12.4 Missiological Principles From Christian Mission Under Colonial Might In Côte d’Ivoire, 1895 - 1920 369 12.5 Elements of the Ministry of William Wadé Harris That Facilitated The Conversion of His Followers to Christian Mission 375 12.6 Missiological Principles Elicited From the Periods Under Study, In Terms of The Operative Concept of Missiology 380 12.7 A Recapitulation of Missiological Principles Elicited from the Inquiry 5 Into Christian Mission Under Colonial Might in Côte d’Ivoire, And Conclusions 385 Bibliography 388 6 Abbreviations A. D. Anno Domini AEF Afrique-Équatoriale française ANCI Archives Nationales de Côte d’Ivoire AOF Afrique-Occidentale française AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ATR African Traditional Religion B.C. Before Christ CCG Country Commercial Guide CNSP Comité Nationale du Salut Populaire DC District of Columbia DÉFAP Département Français d’Action Apostolique f. following page FCFA Franc de la Communauté Financière Africaine ff. following pages FF Franc Français FHB Félix Houphouët-Boigny Fn. Footnote FPI Front Populaire Ivoirien GDP Gross Domestic Product GRT Gross Register Tonnage GSP Gross Social Product Hgs. Herausgebers Hg., or Hrsg. Herausgeber I. C.A. O Institut Catholique d’Afrique Occidentale IMF International Monetary Fund IN Indiana 7 JHWH Jahweh LTD Limited LXX Septuaginta n.d. no date NT New Testament OT Old Testament PDCI Parti Démocratique de la Côte d’Ivoire PPP Purchasing Power Parity RDR Rallye Démocratique Républicain RGPH Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat SMA Société des Missions Africaines US(A) United States (of America) USD United States Dollar(s) v. verse (of scripture) vv. verses 8 Table of illustrations Map 1 Afrique Occidentale Française Frontispiece Map 2 Colonie de La Côte d’Ivoire Frontispiece Map 3 Demography: Population Distribution, Principal Cities, Economic Zones, Routes 36 Map 4 Demography: Principal Cities and Connecting Routes 37 Map 5 Demography: Population Density 38 Map 6 Demography: International Migrations 39 Map 7 Demography: Distribution of the Principal Religions 40 Map 8 Rainfall Patterns: Climatic Zones, Average Annual Precipitation 46 Map 9 Rainfall Patterns: Height of Stations Above Sea Level, Temperatures, Precipitation 47 Map 10 Geological Overview 49 Map 11 Relief 50 Map 12 Flora and Woods 52 Map 13 Soils 54 Map 14 Agricultural Products For Local Consumption 55 Map 15 Routes by which Abidjan is Supplied with Agricultural Products 56 Map 16 Agricultural Products for Commercial Purposes 57 Map 17 Fauna, Primarily Domestic 58 Map 18 Foreign Trade and Trade Routes Since the Sixteenth Century 61 Map 19 Peoples: Principal Ethnic Groupings 62 Map 20 Peoples: The Southern Mandé 64 Map 21 Peoples: The Southern Krou 65 Map 22 Peoples: The Guéré and Wobé 66 9 Map 23 Peoples: Migrations of the Lagoon Peoples 69 Map 24 Modern France,