Feldspar Diagenesis in Cambrian Clastic Rocks of the Southern Ozark Mountains and Reelfoot Rift, Southeastern Missouri and Northeastern Arkansas Implications for Mississippi Valley-Type Ore Genesis U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1989-F AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications re­ leased prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be available. 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Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center 101 Twelfth Ave., Box 12 STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg. 3101 Fairbanks, AK 99701 Chapter F Feldspar Diagenesis in Cambrian Clastic Rocks of the Southern Ozark Mountains and Reelfoot Rift, Southeastern Missouri and Northeastern Arkansas Implications for Mississippi Valley-Type Ore Genesis By S.F. DIEHL and M.B. GOLDHABER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1989 STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MINERALS IN THE MIDCONTINENT REGION, UNITED STATES WARREN C. DAY AND DIANE E. LANE, Editors U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colo. Manuscript approved for publication March 11,1994. Photocomposition by Gayle M. Dumonceaux. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diehl, S. F. Feldspar diagenesis in Cambrian clastic rocks of the southern Ozark Mountains and Reelfoot Rift, southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas: Implications for Mississippi Valley-type ore genesis / by S.F. Diehl and M.B. Goldhaber. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin: 1989) (Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States; ch. F) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: 119.3:1989F 1. Diagenesis Missouri. 2. Feldspar Missouri. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic Cambrian. 4. Lamotte Sandstone (Mo.) I. Goldhaber, Martin B. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: Strategic and critical minerals in the midcontinent region, United States: ch. F. QE75.B9 no. 1989-F [QE571] 557.3s dc20 94-12432 [552'.03] CIP CONTENTS Abstract Fl Introduction Fl Regional structure F2 Description of the Lamotte Sandstone and time-equivalent rocks in the Reelfoot Rift F3 Methods and materials F3 Petrographic descriptions of samples from core fence A-A' F4 Reelfoot Rift F4 Dow Chemical No. 1 Wilson drill hole F5 Dow Chemical No. 1 Garrigan drill hole F5 Strake Petroleum No. 1 Russell drill hole F6 Drill hole BT1 F7 Indian Creek Subdistrict Goose Creek Mine F7 Petrographic descriptions of samples from core fence B-B' F9 Drill hole 63W72 F9 Drill hole 63W5 F9 Results of petrographic studies of core from other drill holes F10 Discussion F10 Timing of feldspar precipitation relative to Mississippi Valley-type ore genesis Fll Contrasts between Reelfoot Rift and platform settings hi feldspar diagenesis F13 Formation and dissolution of potassium hi the Lamotte Sandstone outside the Reelfoot Rift F14 Additional evidence for a link between the Reelfoot Rift and lead-belt mineralization F15 The anomalous nature of the Strake well samples F15 Summary F15 References cited F16 FIGURES Fl. Map showing location of drill holes, major structural terrains, and ore districts in the study area F2 F2-F6. Photomicrographs showing: F2. Deuital microcline grain and partially dissolved overgrowth, Dow Chemi­ cal No. 1 Wilson drill hole F5 F3. Plagioclase grain and albite overgrowths, and authigenic albite enclosing remnants of carbonate minerals, Dow Chemical No. 1 Garrigan drill hole F6 F4. Inclusion-rich authigenic potassium feldspar overgrowths on deuital feld­ spar grains, Strake Petroleum No. 1 Russell drill hole F6 F5. Etched rhombic potassium feldspar overgrowths on a hematitic feldspar grain and an orthoclase grain and its overgrowth, drill hole BT1 F7 F6. Galena cement that partially encloses a detrital potassium feldspar grain and its overgrowth, and galena cement that invaded dissolution voids hi a partially dissolved potassium feldspar grain, Goose Creek Mine F8 F7. Scanning-electron photomicrographs of samples from Goose Creek Mine, in Contents III Indian Geek subdistrict F8 F8. Diagram showing mineral paragenetic sequence in Indian Creek subdistrict F9 F9. Photomicrograph showing two generations of potassium feldspar overgrowths on a microcline grain F9 F10. Photomicrograph of a detrital feldspar grain and two generations of potassium feldspar overgrowths that have undergone dissolution F10 Fl 1. Map showing abundance of potassium feldspar cement and the amount of dissolution of the cement plotted at the drill hole locations Fl 1 F12. Photomicrograph showing that different generations of potassium feldspar over­ growths may be differentially affected by dissolution F12 Fl 3. Plot of point-count data for albite and potassium feldspar from shallowly buried Lamotte Sandstone and deeply buried siliciclastic rocks versus depth F13 F14. Potassium feldspar stability diagram at 150°C. F14 TABLES Fl. Percent of bulk rock constituents in selected thin sections F4 F2. Estimation of composition of ore-forming fluid hi the study area F14 IV Contents STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MINERALS IN THE MIDCONTINENT REGION, UNITED STATES Feldspar Diagenesis in Cambrian Clastic Rocks of the Southern Ozark Mountains and Reelfoot Rift, Southeastern Missouri and Northeastern Arkansas Implications for Mississippi Valley-Type Ore Genesis ByS.F. Diehl and M.B. Goldhaber Abstract potassium feldspar are significantly different in shallowly buried Lamotte Sandstone than in time-equivalent deeply The Upper Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone is consid­ buried sedimentary rocks in the Reelfoot Rift. Potassium ered to have been a major aquifer for warm basinal brines feldspar grains in the Reelfoot Rift samples show increas­ that formed the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) mineral ingly greater alteration to albite with depth, and albitization deposits in Missouri. Petrographic studies of authigenic is an important process that enriches pore fluids in K+. potassium feldspar in the Lamotte Sandstone constrain the geochemistry of the ore-forming fluids. Authigenic potas­ sium feldspar is important because (1) it has been dated as INTRODUCTION late Paleozoic, which broadly coincides with the inferred time of ore genesis, (2) previous petrographic studies con­ The Upper Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone is of inter­ strain the relative time authigenic feldspar dissolved with est as a major aquifer that transported ore-bearing fluids respect to deposition of the lead-zinc ore, and (3) MVT for the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits of the ore fluids are typically anomalously rich in K+. southern midcontinent of the United States. We undertook a regional study of the Lamotte Sandstone to characterize