Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Tourism Planning at the Local Level: A Case Study of Lundu-Sematan, Sarawak, Malaysia. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management at Lincoln University, New Zealand By Nazaruddin Haji Hamit Lincoln University 2003 i: In Loving 9demory of Uajjali (])ayang Vteli (1928 - 2002) anti ~liayaJfmit (1946 - 2002)' 9day 'Your Soul (jJe Jft Cl'eace Witli q'fie Jff-9diglity. i--·---'--· Contents CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ IV ACRONYMS AN"D ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................ v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Tourism: Policy, Planning and Implementation ...................................... 2 1.3 Rationale for the Research and Focus of Study ....................................... 6 1.4 The CaseStudyArea .............................................................................. 7 1.5 Research Aims and Objectives ............................................................... 8 1.6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 8 1.7 Thesis Outline ........................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 2 TOURISM PLANNING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: AN OVERVIEW ................. 10 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 10 2.2 Tourism and Development ..................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Why Tourism? .............................................................................. 12 2.2.2 The Paradox of Tourism ................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Destination Area Evolution ........................................................... 14 2.2.4 Market Failure: Complexities of Planning for Tourism .................. 21 2.3 Tourism and Planning ................................................. ,.......................... 23 2.3.1 The Need for Tourism Planning ..................................................... 23 2.3.2 Tourism Planning; What? Where? and When? ............................... 24 2.3.3 Approaches to Tourism Planning ................................................... 25 2.4 Tourism at the Local Level .................................................................... 27 2.4.1 Community Tourism Planning: An Overview ............................... .28 2.4.2 The Functioning Tourism System .................................................. 29 2.4.3 Problems and Issues of Tourism Development at the Local Level ............................................................................................. 32 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3 TOURISM IN LUNDU-SEMATAN ............................................................ 36 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 36 3.2 Sarawak ................................................................................................ 36 3.2.1 Geographical Background ............................................................. 36 3.2.2 System of Government in Sarawak ................................................ 37 3.3 Development Planning .......................................................................... 39 3.3.1 Planning at the Federal and State Level ......................................... 39 3.3.2 Planning at the District Level ....................................................... .43 3.4 Tourism Development in Sarawak ........................................................ .47 3.4.1 National (Federal) Tourism Strategy .............................................. 47 3.4.2 Sarawak Tourism Masterplan ........................................................ 49 3.5 Key Areas Development Concept .. ........................................................ 52 3.6 Tourism In Lundu-Sematan: The Case Study Area ................................ 52 3.6.1 Location ........................................................................................ 52 3.6.2 Population ..................................................................................... 52 3.6.3 Economy ....................................................................................... 57 3.6.4 Tourism Attractions ....................................................................... 57 3.6.5 Tourism in Lundu-Sematan: Involvement or Development? .......... 64 3.7 Summary ............................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................. 70 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 70 4.2 The Research Framework: A Qualitative Approach .............................. 70 4.2.1 Sampling ....................................................................................... 71 4.2.2 Data Collection ............................................................................. 72 4.2.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................ 75 4.3 Limitations of Study .............................................................................. 75 4.4 Summary ............................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................... 78 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 78 5.2 Tourism Development in Lundu-Sematan: Issues and Challenges ......... 79 5.2.1 Inadequate Tourism-Related Infrastructure .................................... 81 5.2.2 The Inadequacy of the Tourism Institutional Framework at ............ the Local Level. ............................................................................. 91 ~- 5.2.3 The Community .......................................................................... 120 5.3 Implication of Issues and Impediments to the Evolution ofLundu-Sematan as a Tourist Destination . ........................................................................ 129 5.3.1 Lack of Tourism Awareness ........................................................ 130 5.3.2 Inadequate Provision of Local Infrastructure ............................... 131 5.3.3 Limited Human Resource Development ................- .......................132 5.3.4 Weak Tourism Institutional Structure .......................................... 133 5.3.5 Information Gap and Poor System of Communication ................. 134 5.3.6 The Community - The Focal Point for Development.. ................. 135 5.3.7 Lack of Control, Monitoring and Assessment.. ............................ 138 5.4 Summary ............................................................................................. 138 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 140 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 140 6.2 Tourism Development in Lundu-Sematan - Retrospective .. ................. 142 6.2.1 The Progress of Tourism in Lundu-Sematan ................................ 143 6.2.2 Planning and Implementation: Assessing the STMP .................... 145 6.2.3 Factors Mfecting Tourism Planning and Development at the Local Level. ........................................................................... 145 6.3 Recommendations ............................................................................... 153 6.3.1 Tourism Awareness Programmes ................................................ 154 6.3.2 Training and Human Resource Development.. ............................. 156 6.3.3 Community Participation: Inclusion as opposed to Exclusion ...... 157 6.3.4 Need to Strengthen the Tourism Institutional Framework ........... 158 ii 6.4 Implications for Further Research ....................................................... 161 6.5 Summary ............................................................................................