PARTTHREE MORPHOSYNTAX SECTION A THEPRONOUN § 39. Personal pronouns a) Whether conjunctive or disjunctive, a personal pronoun in the first or second person, refers to the speaker(s) or the person(s) spoken to respectively. Thus iTJ~ to::l"O 'iT 'that I am wearing' A2.1:6; l:l~' iTJnJ~ p" 'about you we worry' ib.8; l:lto m~ l:l.l)~ 'you, issue an order!' A6.3:7. The reference may be "person­ alised" and applied to a non-human living object, animal or plant: "The [bramb]le dispatched to [the] pomegranate, saying,' ... How goodly is the ab[un]dance of your thorns (T::l~) ... ?'" C1.1:101; "The lambs ... said to hirn [= the bear], 'Carry (away) what you (1") will from us (po)" ib.169. b) A pronoun in the third person, by contrast, may refer not only to a person or persons spoken of, but also to an inanimate object or objects, often with no implication of personalisation. For example, "my son ... he (1iT) will succeed me" C1.1:18; l:l'~n 1iT 'he is wise' ib.28; iTni::l 'his daughter' B2.3:3; 'nm~ 'iT 'she is my wife' B2.6:4, but iTnntoo 'its measurements [ = of the property]' B2.3:3f. Such a pronoun must agree in gender and number with the noun to which it refers: 'iT l"'T 'it [= ~pi~] is yours' B3.1O: 11. The 3ms 1iT may even refer back to a whole notion or thought as in 1iT liT"~ 10 ~~n 'it is a punishment from gods' C 1.1: 128. In such a case it is difficult to identify a single noun or noun phrase to which the pronoun refers: "Give hirn as much as ('T "::lP") you can. It is not a loss for you (l:l~" 1iT lion ~")" A4.3:9; ... 1iT m~ liT iT"~ ~,"O~ 'if it is so according to these words' A6.11:3; 1iT '~'''l.l 'it is your responsibility' D7.5:1O, and perhaps iT" 1iT i~ 'itlhe is hired for hirn' D7.20:3. A variation on such use of1iT is equivalent to "i.e., namely" in an explanatory gloss: iTn"n l"Pto 1 1iT in toi~ 31iT 'one karsh, that is, 1, three shekels, that is 3' B3.12:5; 1iT 'iton 156 PART III a: § 39 c - e (ii) ~~~ 'Tishri, i.e. Epiph' B3.8: 1(720); ~;o-,n 1ii rl'nn 'the hyt, i.e. the courtyard' B3.1O:15. c) 1il also has the grammatical function of extraposing or focusing on the immediately preceding c1ause constituent: 1il i1J~ -'p'n~ '[ am Ahiqar' Cl.l:46; il'O 'il -'~J~ 'a word is abird' ib.82. In il'~ ~"o~ 1ii m~ ji1 'if it is thus (i.e.) as these words' A6.11 :3, there is no noun or noun phrase which can be regarded a referent of the pronoun. Such a pronoun may appear as the last of a three-member nominal c1ause as in 1il :::l'~ p~Jil' 'T 'what he produces is fraudulent' B3.11:16. For more on this syntax, see below at § 77 ca. d) The third person plural disjunctive pronoun Clil or 10il is, in addition to the uses described above, used as a direct object of a verb form other than the participle, whereas the rest of the pronouns are synthetically attached to the verb as conjunctive pronouns: Clil '~Jil~ 'I shall rec1aim them' B6.4:8; 10il n'n'~ ~, 'I did not bring them' A3.3: 10. The use of'il in 'il11o " 'nm 'T i1JnJ ilJ~ rzJ:::l'O 'the garment which you brought for me (to) Syene-that I am wearing' A2.1:6 is exceptional.(721) The pronoun 'il, however, is not of the same kind as Clil or 10il, for the participle rzJ:::l'O cannot take a conjunctive pronoun as its object. See above § 37 f (5) and below § 74 h. e) The finite verb, namely a verb form other than the infinitive and participle, has a built-in marker(722) of the categories of person, number, and gender.(723) Yet we often find a disjunctive personal pronoun used next to, and preceding(24), such a finite verb. In our corpus it almost always appears immediately before the verb.(725) It is most common in the first and second persons, 720 We would rather assurne a scribal error ofi11il for 1il at B3.1:5 instead of a difficult i11il as ptc.act. (so Joüon 1934:39). On a peculiar use of 1il in the sense of "idem, ditto" in a list ofnames (C3.15:6,26,27,28), see Joüon 1934:66- 67. 721 For similar syntax, cf. mm n'tD' 'to expel hirn' lQS 7.16 and il~'il m.:lil' 'to kill hirn' CD 9.1 in Qumran Hebrew (Qimron 1986:76). 722 Driver's view (1957:78) that a pronoun is required because the [written] fonn ofthe verb does not distinguish the 1st and 2nd persons is most unlikely. 723 The imperative lacks the first and third persons. 724 Except in cases discussed under (iv) below. 725 In a seeming exception such as ]J'1 ... '? ili::l1 i::l il'ono i1J~ ?il:::l~ ~, 1".1) iltDiO' 'I shall not be able-I, Mahseiah, son or daughter of mine ... -to bring suits against you' B2.11:7 we may note that the long multiple subject introduced by il~ is, in fact, in apposition to the subject latent in ?il:::l~. So .