ARCHITECTURE-CONSCIOUS DATABASE SYSTEMS by Anastassia Ailamaki A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN — MADISON 2000 © Copyright by Anastassia Ailamaki 2000 All Rights Reserved i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . v Acknowledgments . viii Chapter 1 . 1 1.1 A Model for Commercial Database Execution Time . 4 1.2 PAX: A Cache-Conscious Data Page Layout . 6 1.3 Porting Shore on Four Systems: Where Is My Dream Machine? . 8 1.4 A Note on Methodology: Measurement Vs. Simulation . 10 1.5 Thesis Organization 11 Chapter 2 . 12 2.1 Previous work . 13 2.2 Query Execution on Modern Processors . 14 2.2.1 Query Execution Time: A Processor Model . 14 2.2.2 Significance of the stall components . 17 2.2.3 Database workload . 18 2.3 Experimental Setup . 20 2.3.1 The hardware platform . 20 2.3.2 The software . 21 2.3.3 Measurement tools and methodology . 22 ii 2.4 Results . 24 2.4.1 Execution time breakdown . 24 2.4.2 Memory stalls . 26 2.4.3 Second-level cache data stalls . 28 2.4.4 First-level cache instruction stalls . 29 2.4.5 Branch mispredictions . 31 2.4.6 Resource stalls . 32 2.4.7 Comparison with DSS and OLTP . 34 2.5 Summary . 35 Chapter 3 . 36 3.1 Previous work on data placement techniques . 37 3.1.1 The N-ary Storage Model . 38 3.1.2 The Decomposition Storage Model . 40 3.2 Partition Attributes Across . 41 3.2.1 Overview . 42 3.2.2 Design . 42 3.2.3 Storage requirements . 45 3.2.4 Implementation . 46 3.3 Analysis of cache performance . 48 3.3.1 Experimental setup and methodology . 48 3.3.2 Results and Analysis . 50 3.4 Evaluation Using DSS Workloads . 54 3.4.1 Experimental Setup and methodology . 54 iii 3.4.2 Insertions . 56 3.4.3 Queries . 57 3.5 Summary . 59 Chapter 4 . 61 4.1 Hardware platform overview . 63 4.1.1 Processor Architecture and Execution Engine Design . 63 4.1.2 Memory Hierarchy . 67 4.2 Experimental Setup and Methodology . 70 4.2.1 Workload . 70 4.2.2 Compilation . 71 4.2.3 Measurement Method . 71 4.3 Workload Behavior on Individual Machines . 73 4.3.1 Sun UltraSparc . 74 4.3.2 Intel Pentium II Xeon . 76 4.3.3 Compaq Alpha 21164 . 77 4.4 Comparison Across Systems . 81 4.4.1 SPEC Performance . 81 4.4.2 Database Workload Instruction Stream . 83 4.4.3 Execution Time Breakdown . 85 4.4.4 Cache Performance . 87 4.4.4.1 Data . 88 4.4.4.2 Instructions . 90 4.4.5 Branch Mispredictions . 92 iv 4.5 Putting It All Together: Comparison Between NSM and PAX . 93 4.6 Summary . 95 Chapter 5 . ..