This page intentionally left blank Jews and Gender in Liberation France This book takes a new look at occupied and liberated France through the dual prism of race, specifically Jewishness, and gender – core com- ponents of Vichy ideology. Imagining liberation, and the potential post-Vichy state, lay at the heart of resistance strategy. The development of these ideas, and their transformation into policy at liberation, form the basis of an enquiry that reveals a society which, while split deeply at the political level, found considerable agreement over questions of race, the family and gender. This is explained through a new analysis of republican assimi- lation which insists that gender was as important a factor as nationality or ethnicity. A new concept of the ‘long liberation’ provides a frame- work for understanding the continuing influence of the liberation in post-war France, where scientific planning came to the fore, but whose exponents were profoundly imbued with reductive beliefs about Jews and women that were familiar during Vichy. K. H. ADLER is Research Fellow, Department of History, University of Nottingham. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare General Editor Jay Winter Yale University Advisory Editors Paul Kennedy Yale University Antoine Prost Universite´ de Paris-Sorbonne Emmanuel Sivan The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem In recent years the field of modern history has been enriched by the exploration of two parallel histories. These are the social and cultural history of armed conflict, and the impact of military events on social and cultural history. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare presents the fruits of this growing area of research, reflecting both the colonization of military history by cultural historians and the reciprocal interest of military historians in social and cultural history, to the benefit of both. The series offers the latest scholarship in European and non-European events from the 1850s to the present day. For a list of titles in the series, please see end of book. Jews and Gender in Liberation France K. H. ADLER University of Nottingham Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521790482 © K. H. Adler 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2003 isbn-13- 978-0-511-06926-0 eBook (EBL) isbn-10- 0-511-06926-X eBook (EBL) isbn-13- 978-0-521-79048-2 hardback isbn-10- 0-521-79048-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. For Elli and Henry, and to the memory of Mimi Goldschmied Contents List of illustrations page viii Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi 1. Introduction: the long liberation 1 2. Narrating liberation 7 3. Anticipating liberation: the gendered nation in print 30 4. Limiting liberation: ‘the French for France’ 68 5. Controlling liberation: Georges Mauco and a population fit for France 106 6. Liberation in place: Jewish women in the city 144 7. Conclusion 175 Notes 186 Bibliography 227 Index 259 vii Illustrations Illustration 1: Liberated Jewish women (YIVO Institute, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives) page 26 Maps and diagrams Map 1: French departements´ in 1944 (Courtesy Oxford University Press) 2 Map 2: France divided 1940–44 (Courtesy Oxford University Press) 3 Figure 1: Women’s clandestine press: first publication date by year 37 Figure 2: George Montandon’s European Ethnies 127 Tables Table 1: Annual clandestine press production in France 31 Table 2: Links between populationist organizations 74 Table 3: Value of foreign workers according to nationality 121 viii Abbreviations AFDAI Association Fran¸caise pour la D´efense et l’Assimilation des Immigr´es AI Author’s interview AIU Alliance Isra´elite Universelle AJ Arm´ee Juive AN Archives Nationales ANCD Alliance Nationale contre la D´epopulation BDIC Biblioth`eque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine BN Biblioth`eque Nationale de France CAC Centre des Archives Contemporaines CADI Centre d’Action et de D´efense des Immigr´es CCE Commission Centrale de l’Enfance CDJC Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine CFTC Conf´ed´eration Fran¸caise des Travailleurs Chr´etiens CGQJ Commissariat G´en´eral aux Questions Juives CGT Conf´ed´eration G´en´erale du Travail CNR Conseil National de la R´esistance CPL Comit´e Parisien de la Lib´eration DP Displaced Person FDIF F´ed´eration D´emocratique Internationale des Femmes FFEPH Fondation Fran¸caise pour l’Etude des Probl`emes Humains FLN Femmes de la Lib´eration Nationale FNSP Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques FO Force Ouvri`ere FSJF F´ed´eration des Soci´et´es Juives de France FTP Francs-Tireurs et Partisans HCP Haut Comit´e de la Population (1939) HCCPF Haut Comit´e Consultatif de la Population et de la Famille (1945–1970) IEQJ Institut d’Etudes des Questions Juives (et Ethno-Raciales [from 1942]) IFOP Institut Fran¸cais de l’Opinion Publique INED Institut National d’Etudes D´emographiques ix List of abbreviations JDC American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee JO Journal Officiel JOC Jeunesse Ouvri`ere Chr´etienne JSS Jewish Social Studies LICA Ligue Internationale contre l’Antis´emitisme LPGF La Plus Grande Famille MLN Mouvement de la Lib´eration Nationale MOI Main-d’CEuvre Immigr´ee MP Mauco Papers, Archives Nationales MPF Mouvement Populaire des Familles MRAP Mouvement contre le Racisme et pour l’Amiti´e entre les Peuples MRP Mouvement R´epublicain Populaire MUR Mouvements Unis de la R´esistance OCM Organisation Civile et Militaire ORT Obschestvo Rapotraninia Trouda/Organisation – Reconstruction – Travail OSE CEuvre de Secours aux Enfants PCF Parti Communiste Fran¸cais PPF Parti Populaire Fran¸cais SCDI Service Central des D´eport´es Isra´elites SPP Soci´et´e Psychanalytique de Paris SSAE Service Social d’Aide aux Emigrants SSMOE Service Social de la Main-d’Œuvre Etrang`ere STO Service du Travail Obligatoire UFF Union des Femmes Fran¸caises UFJ Union des Femmes Juives UIESP Union Internationale pour l’Etude Scientifique de la Population UJRE Union des Juifs pour la R´esistance et l’Entr’aide UNAF Union Nationale des Associations Familiales UNCAF Union Nationale des Caisses d’Allocations Familiales UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration x Acknowledgements Many people have enabled this book to reach publication, perhaps without even realizing it. I am grateful to each of them. I greatly appreciate the generosity of the British Academy and Cardiff University who provided financial assistance to allow research time in France; a research fellowship from the University of Nottingham gave me time to complete the book. Portions of chapter one were first pub- lished in Jewish Culture and History, copyright Frank Cass Publishers, 2002. I am indebted to many archivists and librarians for guidance to their collections. At the Archives Nationales, I thank Chantal de Tourtier-Bonazzi, Paule Ren´e-Bazin and Yvonne Poule. Librarians at the Biblioth`eque Nationale de France were consistently helpful over many years. I also thank staff at the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee archives, the Biblioth`eque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine, the Wiener Library,YadVashem,StaatsarchivDetmold, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Karen Ta¨ıeb at the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine archives, the Al- liance Isra´elite Universelle, the Biblioth`eque Marxiste, the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the Biblioth`eque Medem, and the Biblioth`eque Marguerite Durand. For creating such a convivial research environment, my warmest appreciation goes to Sarah Halperyn and Marcel Meslati at the CDJC library. The women who so kindly consented to being interviewed provided not just answers in their insights and recollections, but many new ques- tions that provoked my further research. I am grateful to them all. In common with recent archival sources which often prohibit the identifi- cation of individuals, their full names are not revealed. Emmanuelle Unal and St´ephane Camus transcribed the interviews with great competence. I have chewed over aspects of this book with dozens of individuals, and all these conversations – and the meals that almost invari- ably accompanied them – helped the writing process immeasurably. Some people have been extremely generous. Jackie Clarke and Kevin xi Acknowledgements Passmore not only read and provided invaluable comments on the entire draft manuscript but were prepared to engage in extensive dis- cussions that were, for me, always productive. Julian Jackson and Nancy Wood’s suggestions were tremendously useful. The process of writing would have been far more protracted and difficult without Sylvain Cypel, Hanna Diamond, Peter Gordon, Penelope Hamm, Pat Hudson, Simon Kitson, Reina Lewis, Gail Pheterson, Miranda Pollard, Judith Surkis, Adam Sutcliffe, Garthine Walker and Philippe Zarka. They helped in myriad ways and their support and friendship are inestimable. I am deeply fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with Rod Kedward. To have benefited from his uncommon combination of schol- arship, humour, generosity, democratic openness to new ideas, scepti- cism and unfailing encouragement has been as much a pleasure as a privilege. Like so many other historians, I will remain forever in his debt. Always acute, Franziska Meyer read and reread drafts, gave con- stant encouragement, and much, much more. I dedicate this book to my parents – who connect me to the period and ideas that I discuss – and to the memory of my grandmother.