© CIBJO 2016 All rights reserved GEMMOLOGICAL COMMISSION 2016 - 1 2016–1 2016-10–27 CIBJO/Laboratories CIBJO/GEMMOLOGICAL COMMISSION The Gemmological Laboratory Book A Guide for the Management and Technical Operations of Gemmological Laboratories i © CIBJO 2016 All rights reserved GEMMOLOGICAL COMMISSION 2016 — 1 Table of Contents FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................III INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................V 1. SCOPE............................................................................................................................. 6 2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 6 3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................. 7 3.1. AUDIT ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. CALIBRATION ........................................................................................................... 7 3.3. CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................ 7 3.4. CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS — CRMS ................................................................ 7 3.5. COMPETENT SUBCONTRACTOR ................................................................................... 7 3.6. GEM MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 7 3.7. GEMMOLOGICAL LABORATORY .................................................................................... 8 3.8. GEMMOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 8 3.9. GEMOLOGICAL LABORATORY ...................................................................................... 8 3.10. GEMOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 8 3.11. GRADING................................................................................................................. 8 3.12. INTERNAL AUDIT ....................................................................................................... 8 3.13. INTERNAL CALIBRATIONS ............................................................................................ 8 3.14. LABORATORY / LAB ................................................................................................... 8 3.15. QUALITY AND TECHNICAL RECORD ............................................................................... 8 3.16. REFERENCE STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS .................................................... 8 3.17. REPORT .................................................................................................................. 9 3.18. SAMPLING ............................................................................................................... 9 3.19. SI UNITS – INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS ............................................................... 9 3.20. SUBCONTRACT ......................................................................................................... 9 3.21. TEST ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.22. TRACEABILITY .......................................................................................................... 9 3.23. REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS ................................................................................... 9 4. MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................... 9 4.1. ORGANISATION......................................................................................................... 9 4.2. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 10 4.3. DOCUMENT CONTROL ............................................................................................. 10 4.4. REVIEW OF CUSTOMER REQUESTS ............................................................................. 11 4.5. SUBCONTRACTING OF TES TS .................................................................................... 11 4.7. COMPLAINTS .......................................................................................................... 11 4.8. CORRECTIVE ACTION ............................................................................................... 12 4.9. ADDITIONAL AUDITS................................................................................................. 12 4.10. CONTROL OF RECORDS............................................................................................ 12 4.11. INTERNAL AUDITS .................................................................................................... 12 4.12. MANAGEMENT REVIEWS ........................................................................................... 12 5. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 13 5.1. PERSONNEL ........................................................................................................... 13 5.2. ACCOMMODATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ................................................... 13 5.3. EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................... 14 5.4. TESTING AND GRADING ............................................................................................ 14 5.5. REFERENCE STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS .................................................. 14 5.6. SAMPLING ............................................................................................................. 15 5.7. ASSURING THE QUALITY OF TEST AND GRADING RESULTS .............................................. 15 5.8. REPORTING THE RESULTS ........................................................................................ 15 5.9. AMENDMENTS TO TEST REPORTS............................................................................... 16 6. TEST METHOD PROTOCOL ................................................................................................ 16 6.1. TEST METHODS GEMSTONES..................................................................................... 16 6.2. TEST METHODS PEARLS AND ORGANIC GEM MATERIALS ................................................. 55 6.3. TEST METHODS DEFINITIONS..................................................................................... 64 6.4. TEST METHODS REFERENCES ................................................................................... 68 INDEX ................................................................................................................................. 209 ii © CIBJO 2016 All rights reserved GEMMOLOGICAL COMMISSION 2016 — 1 Foreword CIBJO is the French acronym for the Confédération Internationale de la Bijouterie, Joaillerie, Orfèvrerie, des Diamants, Perles et Pierres, which translates as the International Confederation of Jewellery, Silverware, Diamonds, Pearls and Stones (normally shortened to the International Jewellery Confederation). Founded in 1926 as BIBOAH, a European organisation whose mission was to represent and advance the interests of the jewellery trade in Europe, it was reorganised in 1961 and renamed CIBJO, in 2009 it was once again reorganised and officially named “CIBJO, The World Jewellery Confederation”. Today CIBJO, which is domiciled in Switzerland, is a non- profit confederation of national and international trade associations including commercial organisations involved in the jewellery supply chain. It now has members from countries representing all five continents of the world. CIBJO printed its first deliberations on terminology and trade practices in 1968. It is the task of CIBJO to record the accepted trade practices and nomenclature for the industry throughout the world. The records of the trade practices complement existing fair trade legislation of a nation or in the absence of relevant national laws they can be considered as trading standards. In countries where laws or norms exist, which conflict with the laws, norms or trade practices in other countries, CIBJO will support the national trade organisations to prevent trade barriers developing. The purpose of CIBJO is to encourage harmonisation, promote international co-operation within the jewellery industry, consider issues which are of concern to the trade worldwide and to communicate proactively with members. Foremost amongst these the aim is to protect consumer confidence in the industry. CIBJO pursues all of these objectives through informed deliberation and by reaching decisions in accordance with its Statutes. CIBJO relies upon the initiative of its members to support and implement its standards, and to protect the trust of the public in the industry. Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. The work of CIBJO is accomplished through Committees, Commissions and Sectors. Committees and Commissions consider standards for use in the jewellery supply chain. Sectors represent levels of trade in