Asymmetry, Relationality and Networks of Power: Rethinking the Dynamics of Legitimacy and Illegitimacy in Intrastate Conflict Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Schoon, Eric William Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 02:19:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579044 ASYMMETRY, RELATIONALITY AND NETWORKS OF POWER: RETHINKING THE DYNAMICS OF LEGITIMACY AND ILLEGITIMACY IN INTRASTATE CONFLICT by Eric W. Schoon __________________________ Copyright © Eric W. Schoon 2015 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Eric W. Schoon, titled Asymmetry, Relationality and Networks of Power: Rethinking the Dynamics of Legitimacy and Illegitimacy in Intrastate Conflict and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (Enter Date) Ronald L. Breiger _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (Enter Date) Joseph Galaskiewicz _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (Enter Date) Robin Stryker _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (Enter Date) Charles Ragin Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: (Enter Date) Dissertation Director: Ronald L. Breiger 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Eric W. Schoon 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS From its inception through its development and completion, this work would not have been possible without the support of many people. While I cannot do justice to their contributions in this limited space, I would like to offer one of many continued thanks and acknowledgements of their support. The three articles that constitute the body of this dissertation have benefited greatly from the insights and encouragement of friends, colleagues, and teachers. In addition to the many people who have influenced this work through their questions and comments in workshops, classes, and conferences, Alex Braithwaite, Jessica Braithwaite, Cindy Cain, Colin Clarke, Rochelle Côté, Jenn Earl, Cem Emrence, Jessie Finch, Faten Ghosn, Kate Gunby, Alexandra Joosse, David Melamed, H. Brinton Milward, Joerg Raab, Kathleen Schwartzman, and A. Joseph West all provided critical feedback during the research and writing processes. I have also had the privilege of participating in the University of Arizona Anomalous and Adversarial Cases Workshop since 2011, where I have presented each of the empirical studies that constitute my dissertation. These articles have been influenced and significantly improved by the feedback I received there, and from the general discussions among this group of scholars. Further, the articles presented in Appendices A and B have been published in Social Forces and Social Problems, respectively. Each article benefited from the questions, comments, and guidance of the editors and anonymous reviewers of these journals. I feel truly fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with each member of my doctoral committee. I am deeply grateful to Joseph Galaskiewicz, who has provided continual intellectual and professional guidance and support as my teacher and as a member of my MA thesis committee, my comprehensive exam committee, and my dissertation committee; to 4 Charles Ragin, who has provided invaluable insights, questions, and instruction throughout this work; and to Robin Stryker, whose insights, feedback, and encouragement have meaningfully influenced this research. I would especially like to thank my adviser and mentor, Professor Ronald Breiger, who has provided immeasurable support throughout my graduate studies. As a teacher and as the chair of every committee that has overseen the milestones of my graduate career, he has fully engaged my ideas, guided me through the research process, and fundamentally shaped my professional and intellectual development. Having invited me to work with him on multiple papers and research grants, he has set an example of professionalism that I hope to live up to, and has never failed to remind me of the importance of balancing commitment to my work with the other priorities in my life. In addition to the intellectual support I have received, this work has been made possible through the financial support of the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1143953), and the support of Professors Ronald L. Breiger and H. Brinton Milward through Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multi University Research Initiative FA9550-10-1-0569 and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Basic Research Award # HDTRA1-10-1-0017. Further, the research presented in Appendix B was conducted in part during a residence at Sabancı University in Istanbul. Especially to Ron and Brint, thank you for the many opportunities you have provided me through this work. I owe my most special thanks to my family. To my parents, who taught me how to learn and whose support and guidance have provided the foundation for all of my pursuits. To my siblings, Adam, Carl, and Christina, who have supported me and continually helped me to think in new ways. And to my amazing wife, Danielle, who has motivated me, encouraged me, talked 5 through every idea and challenge with me, all the while helping me to keep everything in balance. I am forever grateful. 6 DEDICATION For Myriam 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................11 The Challenges of Legitimacy................................................................................................14 Contextual Contingency...................................................................................................15 Legitimacy as Process and Attribute ...............................................................................17 Necessity and Sufficiency of Legitimacy ........................................................................19 Asymmetry and Relationality in the Study of Legitimacy ....................................................21 The Asymmetry of Legitimacy ........................................................................................21 The Relationality of Legitimacy ......................................................................................23 Rethinking the Challenges of Legitimacy ........................................................................25 Empirical Studies of Legitimation in Armed Conflict ............................................................26 Empirical Scope ...............................................................................................................26 Study I: The Asymmetry of Legitimacy .........................................................................27 Study II: Illegitimacy and Success in Revolution ............................................................29 Study III: Networks of Legitimation and the Multiple Paths to Conflict Recurrence .....31 Contributions and Future Directions ......................................................................................33 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................37 APPENDIX A: ARTICLE ONE The Asymmetry of Legitimacy: Analyzing the Legitimation of Violence in 30 Cases of Insurgent Revolution .....................................................................................................................44 APPENDIX B: ARTICLE TWO The Paradox of Legitimacy: Resilience, Successes, and the Multiple Identities of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Turkey .................................................................................84 APPENDIX C: ARTICLE THREE Networks of Legitimation and the Multiple Paths to Armed Conflict Recurrence ....................129 8 ABSTRACT From academic scholarship to military policy and