WDM Systems and Networks For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6976 Optical Networks Series Editor Biswanath Mukherjee University of California Davis, CA Neophytos (Neo) Antoniades Georgios Ellinas • Ioannis Roudas Editors WDM Systems and Networks Modeling, Simulation, Design and Engineering 123 Prof. Neophytos (Neo) Antoniades Series Editor Department of Engineering Science Biswanath Mukherjee and Physics University of California College of Staten Island Davis, CA The City University of New York USA Staten Island, NY 10314 USA e-mail: [email protected] Georgios Ellinas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Cyprus Nicosia, Cyprus e-mail: [email protected] Ioannis Roudas Department of Electrical Engineering University of Patras 26504 Rio, Greece e-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1935-3839 e-ISSN 1935-3847 ISBN 978-1-4614-1092-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1093-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1093-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941711 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Neo Antoniades dedicates this book to his son Andreas for his love of science Georgios Ellinas dedicates this book to his nephew Nicolas and his niece Carina Ioannis Roudas dedicates this book to Linda, Nicholas and Adrian Foreword High-capacity optical networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) form the underpinnings of our telecom backbone networks. The continued developments of WDM systems and networks and related technologies are crucial for the evolution of the future Internet. Important problems include accurate modeling, simulation, design, and engineering of components, devices, subsys- tems, systems, and the network as a whole. The authors of this book must be complimented for capturing these important problems across this entire ecosystem. This book presents in a clear and illustrative format the technical and scientific concepts that are needed to accomplish the design of WDM systems and networks (and hence the future Internet). The book has been co-edited by Professor Neo Antoniades of The City University of New York, Professor George Ellinas of the University of Cyprus, and Professor Ioannis Roudas of the University of Patras, Greece. The editors bring nearly 40 years of combined experience on various aspects of optical WDM systems and networks in preparing this book. They provide very good balance between theory and practice, having worked in the telecom industry (Bellcore, Tellium, Corning) as well as in academe. The book is divided into three parts: (1) Tools and Methods; (2) Implementa- tions; and (3) The Logical Layer. Tools and Methods capture the state of the art on (a) Device and network element modeling; (b) Network modeling and perfor- mance evaluation; (c) Modeling of the transport systems; and (d) Commercial software simulation tools. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that modeling and simulation methods in software tools from leading vendors (such as VPI Systems, RSoft, and Optiwave) are covered. Part II on Implementations captures the relevant problems and challenges from short range to longer range systems such as: (a) Optical interconnects; (b) In-building systems (using plastic optical fibers); (c) Radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems; (d) Passive optical networks (PON) (for Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) applications); and (e) Optical communication systems. vii viii Foreword Part III on Logical Layer includes networking problems such as: (a) Physical- to-logical layer interactions and (b) Multi-domain optical networks and survivability. The editors deserve praise because chapters on the above topics have been contributed by an excellent lineup of authors, many of whom work in leading companies in the field as well as in reputable universities, and they come from many different countries from around the world. This book is highly recommended as it offers timely, accurate, and authoritative information on WDM systems and networks, particularly on their accurate mod- eling, simulation, design, and engineering. The reader will enjoy the book and learn a lot. USA, August 2011 Biswanath Mukherjee Preface The demand for more and better applications for telecommunications networks has always driven the need for more bandwidth from these networks. At the same time, as the bandwidth has steadily increased over the last few decades, more applica- tions have emerged that utilize this bandwidth. And so the ‘‘cycle’’ continues. Fiber-optic networks have been in the forefront of the effort to provide the users with more bandwidth, enabling them to run a number of new applications that span the whole spectrum of human interaction, including day-to-day activities, enter- tainment, and business, among others. Optical systems and networks have seen an incredibly rapid evolution. Only a few decades separate the invention of the laser and the low-loss fiber from the wide usage of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) fiber-optic communication systems in the current telecom networks. These systems are now in every part of the telecom infrastructure including undersea, backbone, metropolitan area, as well as access networks, reaching all the way into our homes and businesses. Although some parts of the network still include networking functions such as switching and regeneration in the electronic domain, the direction is more and more toward networks that are transparent to signal rate, protocol, and format, where the signal stays in the optical domain as long as possible. This book provides the latest developments in the ever-expanding field of optical communication system and network design and engineering. It presents the industry, as well as current research, in state-of-the-art architectures of WDM optical systems and networks and takes a vertically layered (across the network layers) approach to system/network modeling, design, and engineering. Modeling and simulation techniques, in conjunction with experimental verification and engineering, are presented for different systems and networks. This book is different from a number of other books on optical systems and networks that are either general textbooks on optical networks or focus exclusively on the technology and point-to-point transmission. This contributed volume looks at both networking and system design issues, and focuses on the latest research devel- opments in a number of areas including ultra long haul (ULH), metro, and access networks, as well as enabling technologies. It can be a very good supplement to ix x Preface any of the general optical networks/technology books for those interested in probing and understanding this area further. The aim of the editors is to present a body of work in this book that can provide the research scientist, company engineer, as well as the university professor/researcher with a better understanding of how to more efficiently design and engineer optical communication systems and networks. The intention is to demonstrate the effectiveness of computer-aided design when it comes to network engineering and prototyping. This book is divided into three parts that can appeal to different readers, who are interested in different types of networks and different applications. The first part of the book (Chaps. 2–5) presents modeling approaches and simulation tools mainly for the physical layer (including transmission effects, devices, subsystems, and systems), whereas the second part (Chaps. 6–11), presents more engineering/ design issues for various types of optical systems (including ULH, access, and in- building systems). The third part of the book (Chaps. 12–13) presents mostly networking issues related to the design of provisioning and survivability algorithms for impairment-aware and multi-domain networks. Finally, Chaps. 1 and 14 provide some introductory remarks and future directions respectively. Acknowledgments We are indebted to our past advisors, supervisors, colleagues, students and friends, who have motivated and inspired us in the optical communications paths that we took in our careers. In particular, we express our deep gratitude to our advisors and mentors Profs. Thomas E. Stern, Gee-Kung Chang, Mohamed Ali, Alfred Levine, Syed Ahamed, Syed Rizvi, Yves Jaouen, Constantin Caroubalos, Aurel Lazar and Manolis Sangriotis, and to our former colleagues Drs. Krishna Bala, Rich Wagner, Sarry Habiby, Aly F. Elrefaie, Jean-Francois Labourdette, Eric Bouillet, Janet Jackel, Richard Vodhanel, B. Roe Hemenway, Vassilis Keramidas, K. P. Ho, and Michael Sauer. All of them offered us their invaluable advise, exceptional insight, and foresight. They provided us with valuable guidance throughout the years and helped us better understand and appreciate various aspects of optical networking. We would also be remiss if we did not extend a thank you to Professor Biswanath Mukherjee for taking the time to write the foreword for this book and for his patience and encouragement while this book was being prepared and delivered. We also wish to express our thanks to Alex Greene, Allison Michael, and the entire publishing team at Springer Science+Business Media, for their effort and patience in order to bring this project to fruition. Special thanks go to Profs. N. Madamo- poulos’ and N. Antoniades’ Ph.D. student Sasanthi Peiris for her great editorial support on this project. Also, special thanks goes to all the authors who contributed chapters for this book.