An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem AN EXAMINATION OF WITTGENSTEIN'S APPROACH TO THE MIND- BODY PROBLEM by Sandra Therese Baker Student number 790 3170 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS in the subject of PSYCHOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA February 2015 An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Declaration I, Sandra Therese Baker, student number 7903170, hereby declare that: AN EXAMINATION OF WITTGENSTEIN’S APPROACH TO THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted from have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Acknowledgements A special thank you to my supervisor, Professor Kruger for his continued help and support, to my husband who introduced me to Wittgenstein’s work and to my children, who discussed Wittgenstein on the way to kindergarten. An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Table of Contents Page Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One .......................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION 1. Aim of the research ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Introduction to the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein ................................................ 2 1.2 Outline of dissertation ............................................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Chapter Two ................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Chapter Three ............................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Chapter Four ................................................................................................. 6 1.2.4 Chapter Five ................................................................................................. 6 Chapter Two ......................................................................................................................... 8 THE ORIGIN OF THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM 2. The origin of the notion of the mind ............................................................................... 8 2.1 Classical era (from the early scriptures to Augustine) ........................................... 8 2.1.1 Early Judaic/Hebraic scriptures .................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Greek philosophy in the classical era ......................................................... 10 2.1.3 Augustine ................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Descartes .................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Idealism ................................................................................................................ 21 An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Page 2.4 Kant ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.5 Romanticism ........................................................................................................ 27 2.5.1 Schopenhauer ............................................................................................. 30 2.6 A summary of the development of the notion of the mind-body problem .......... 32 Chapter Three .................................................................................................................... 34 THE PROBLEM OF DUALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 3. Chapter overview .......................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Dualism ................................................................................................................ 35 3.1.1. Property dualism and non-reductive monism ............................................. 37 3.2 Reductionism or eliminative materialism ............................................................ 39 3.3 Behaviourism ....................................................................................................... 43 3.4 Cognitivism or the information processing approach .......................................... 45 3.4.1 Connectionism or neural nets ..................................................................... 52 3.5 Summary remarks ................................................................................................ 54 Chapter Four ……………………………………………………………………………..55 WITTGENSTEIN’S CRITIQUE OF THE NOTION OF MIND 4. General overview ........................................................................................................... 55 4.1 The Tractatus: The search for a universal logic of truth ..................................... 56 4.2 Wittgenstein’s later philosophy: A kink in the development of thought ............. 60 4.2.1 Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy ................................................... 62 4.2.2 Philosophy as therapy ................................................................................. 64 4.2.2.1 Wittgenstein’s Therapeutic Method ............................................... 66 An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Page 4.3 Wittgenstein’s critique of traditional prejudices .................................................. 67 4.3.1 Propositions, words and concepts .............................................................. 68 4.3.2 Perspicuous representation of concepts ...................................................... 69 4.3.2.1 Language games .................................................................................... 70 4.3.2.2 Family resemblance ............................................................................... 75 4.4 Putting Wittgenstein’s method to work: Private language .................................. 76 The meaning of ‘to know’ .................................................................................... 80 The meaning of ‘to have’ ..................................................................................... 81 The meaning of ‘to mean’ (for signs and symbols).............................................. 83 The meaning of ‘I’ ............................................................................................... 84 4.4.1 The ‘inner’ and the ‘outer’ ......................................................................... 86 4.5 Wittgenstein’s Refutation of Metaphysics ........................................................... 90 4.6 Thinking and language ........................................................................................ 95 4.7 Reflective summary ........................................................................................... 103 Chapter Five ..................................................................................................................... 106 A REFLECTION ON WITTGENSTEIN’S PERSPECTIVES 5. Wittgenstein’s Notions of Philosophy of Psychology ................................................ 106 5.1 The problem of the meaning of words ............................................................... 107 5.2 Wittgenstein’s conception of psychology .......................................................... 110 5.3 Wittgenstein’s response to the conceptual confusion in psychology ................ 115 5.4 Wittgenstein's approach to the mind-body problem .......................................... 117 5.4.1 Evaluating Wittgenstein’s approach to the mind-body problem .............. 120 5.4.2 Are Wittgenstein’s arguments convincing? ............................................. 123 An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Page 5.5 Wittgenstein in current psychology and psychological theory .......................... 125 5.5.1 Social constructionists .............................................................................. 126 5.5.2 Embodied enactivism ............................................................................... 127 5.6 Wittgenstein and beyond ................................................................................... 130 References ....................................................................................................................... 132 An Examination of Wittgenstein’s Approach to the Mind-Body Problem Abstract This dissertation explores Wittgenstein’s views on the mind-body problem. It is possible to provide an examination of Wittgenstein’s approach by tracing the evolution of the theory of mind and the mind-body problem, by considering the current ways of dealing with the mind- body problem, and Wittgenstein’s critique of the notion of the mind. Wittgenstein’s views on the nature of philosophy and the relationship between philosophy and psychology make it possible to understand and as this dissertation argues – see beyond – the conceptual confusion that has since arisen out of philosophic tradition that perpetuates a ‘myth of the mind’. Schools of thought such as the Cartesians and cognitivists have attempted, through the construction of various elaborate theories, to solve the ‘riddle’ of the mind and to address the so-called ‘mind-