The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict Also by Raja Halwani VIRTUOUS LIAISONS: Care, Love, Sex, and Virtue Ethics SEX AND ETHICS: Essays on Sexuality, Virtue and the Good Life Also by Tomis Kapitan PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND CULTURE IN PALESTINE AND THE NEAR EAST The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict Philosophical Essays on Self-Determination, Terrorism and the One-State Solution Raja Halwani School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Tomis Kapitan Northern Illinois University © Raja Halwani & Tomis Kapitan 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-53537-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35835-9 ISBN 978-0-230-59971-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230599710 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 To my mother, Nora Halwani, and to Khadijah al-Khateeb, the two women who taught me the importance of justice and hope. Raja Halwani To my mother, Ruth Kapitan, whose positive influence has been greater than she might realize. Tomis Kapitan This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements viii Maps ix Introduction 1 Tomis Kapitan and Raja Halwani 1 Self-Determination 13 Tomis Kapitan 2 The Right of Return 72 Raja Halwani 3 Terrorism 132 Tomis Kapitan 4 The One-State Solution 198 Raja Halwani References 245 Index 262 vii Acknowledgements We wish to thank Salman Abu Sitta, the Foundation for Middle East Peace, and the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of Interna- tional Affairs (PASSIA) for allowing us to use their maps, Ali Abunimah for helpful advice, Maureen Clare Murphy for providing the photograph that made its way to the cover of this book, Steven Jones for his help in designing the cover, Vidya Vijayan at Palgrave Macmillan for her tireless editorial help in copy editing and seeing the book to its completion, and Dan Bunyard at Palgrave Macmillan for helpful advice, encouragement, and editorial feedback. Raja Halwani wishes to thank Malik Moubayed, the owner of Café Latakia in Chicago, for his hospitality and generosity, when Halwani was writing and revising his chapters at his café; Ali Abunimah and Syrine al-Hout for help and advice; and all those with whom he discussed the issues of this book over the years and who made important sugges- tions; the list is too long, but special thanks go to Issa Abu Nimah, Roxane Assaf, Celeste Friend, Nora Halwani, Kathy Havens, Bayan al- Hout, Steven Jones, Tomis Kapitan, Maureen Clare Murphy, Richard Rubin, Eli Ungar, Rachel Weiss, and the members of Not In My Name. Special thanks go to Tomis Kapitan for his insightful comments on earlier drafts of Halwani’s two chapters. Special thanks and gratitude also go to Steven Jones, who read the penultimate drafts of the chapters and provided incisive and humorous comments on their substance and style. Tomis Kapitan expresses his gratitude to several people who, in one way or another, have helped him understand the various issues discussed in this book, notably, Abdul Aziz Aluwaishiq, Ali Abunimah, Robert Ashmore, Rejae Busailah, Roger Heacock, Rima Kapitan, Selma Mahdi, Georg Meggle, Roy Pearson, Glenn Perry, Igor Primoratz, Erich Schulte, Jeffrey Snapper, Herman Stark, Khaled Taha, Ghada Talhami, and, above all, Orayb Najjar. A tremendous thanks is due to Raja Halwani for his conception of this project, his instructive comments on drafts of Kapitan’s chapters, and his marvelous attention to detail. viii Maps A 1947 Acre PASSIA Haifa Nazareth Jenin Mediterranean Sea Nablus Tel Aviv Jaffa Ramallah Jericho Jerusalem Bethlehem Gaza Hebron Khan Yunis Dead Sea Beersheba N e g e v Proposed Jewish State Proposed Arab State Internationally administered 'Corpus Separatum' of Jerusalem Map A United Nations 1947 Partition Plan Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) ix x B 1949 Acre PASSIA Haifa Nazareth Mediterranean Jenin Sea Nablus Tel Aviv Jaffa Ramallah Jericho Jerusalem Bethlehem Gaza Hebron Khan Yunis Dead Sea Beersheba N e g e v Proposed Jewish State Arab territory Territories seized by Israel beyond the area for the proposed Jewish State Map B The Rhodes Armistice Lines Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) xi C Jewish-owned land, 1947 State of Israel according to the Armistice Agreement, 1949 Palestinian villages depopulated in 1948 and 1967 and razed by Israel The West Bank and Gaza Strip Haifa Nazareth PASSIA Nablus Tel Aviv Jaffa Jerusalem Gaza Hebron Beersheba 0 30 km © Jan de Jong Map C Depopulated Palestinian Villages Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) xii D Hama Number of registered refugees in camps Latakia Neirab near Aleppo 100 000 50 000 10 000 5 000 PASSIA Homs Registered refugees in camps Registered refugees outside camps Total registered refugees (in & out) X Destroyed camp Nahr Al-Bared Unofficial camp Tripoli Beddawi (RR = Registered Refugees) LEBANON RR=11.5% of total Total numbers of refugees are based on population (2002) UNWRA data, as of 30 December 2003. RR in = 223,956 Camp populations are based on UNWRA RR out = 170,576 data as of 30 June 2003. RR Total = 394,532 Baalbek Source: Public Information Office, UNWRA HQ, Gaza. Dbayyeh Wavell Mar Elias Dikwaneh X Beirut (Tal Az-Zaatar) Shatila X Jisr Al-Pasha Burj Al-Barajneh Yarmouk Saida Ein Al-Hilweh Damascus Jaramana Mieh Mieh Sbeineh Kabr Essit Khan Khan Dannoun X Nabatieh Ashieh Tyre Al-Bass Mediterranean Sea Burj Ash-Shemali SYRIAN ARAB Rashidiyyeh REPUBLIC RR = 2.7% of total population (2002) Golan Heights RR in = 120,865 RR out = 292,962 WEST BANK RR Total = 413,827 GAZA STRIP Haifa RR=32.6% of total Dera'a RR = 84.5% of total population (2002) Emergency Dera'a population (2002) RR in = 179,541 RR in = 484,563 RR out = 485,705 Irbid RR out = 438,111 RR Total = 665,246 RR Total = 922,674 Jenin Husn (Azmi Al-Mufti) Jabalia Tulkarem Nur Shams Souf Shati (Gaza Beach) Far'a Nablus Camp No. 1 Balata Jerash (Gaza) Askar Sukhneh Beqa'a Zarqa Nuseirat Tel Aviv WEST BANK Bureij Marka Deir (Schneller, Hitteen) Deir Ammar Jalazoun Amman Al-Balah Hay Al-Amir Amman New Camp Al-Maghazi Ramallah (Wihdat) Al-'Amari Ein Sultan Hassan (Hinikeen) Qalandia Jericho Jabal Khan Younis Al-Hussein JORDAN Shu'fat Akabat Jabr Jerusalem RR=34.8% of total Aida Beit Jibrin Ma'daba Rafah ISRAEL Dheisheh population(2002) RR in = 307,785 Talbiyeh Arroub Gaza RR out = 1,432,385 Hebron RR Total = 1,740,170 GAZA Fawar Dead Sea STRIP 0 25 50 75 km Map: PASSIA, 2004 Map D UNRWA Palestinian Refugee Camps Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) xiii E West Bank Jenin ISRAEL Effective Palestinan civil control MEHOLA Security perimeters established by the IDF around Palestinian TULKAREM population centers Israeli-designated security cantons Nablus (Jenin, Tulkarm, Kalkilya, Nablus, Ramallah, Bethlehem, Hebron) Kalkilya ALFEI MENASHE Israeli settlement R Green Line West Bank E V MA’ALE I IDF checkpoint R ARIEL EPHRAIM N Proposed Israeli security barrier A D R Security zones outlined by Israeli O J Prime Minister Sharon UPPER PSAGOT MODI’IN Ramallah GIV’AT Jericho ZE’EV MA’ALE Jerusalem ADUMIM BETAR Bethlehem EFRAT KERYAT DEAD Hebron ARBA SEA Gaza Strip Gaza ISFAEL Khan Yunis Rafah 0 20 KM 20 KM Map E West Bank Jewish Settlements Source: Reproduced from The Foundation for Middle East’s web site (www.fmep.org) xiv F 0 20 km Jenin GANIM PASSIA Tulkarem SHAVEI SHOMRON Nablus ELON MOREH Qalqilya ALFEI MENASHE ARIEL MA'ALE EPHRAIM RIMONIM PSAGOT Ramallah GIV'AT ZE'EV Jericho MA'ALE Jerusalem ADUMIM KALYA ISRAEL Bethlehem ETZION BLOC KIRYAT ARBA Green Line Hebron Dead Sea Area A - Palestinian cities Area B - Palestinian villages Area C - Israeli settlement, military areas and state lands Main Israeli settlements Map F Oslo II Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) xv G Map G The Israeli Barrier in the West Bank Source: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org) xvi H Map H The Feasibility of the Palestinian Refugees’ Return Source: Reproduced by permission of Salman Abu Sitta Notes: The location of the present built-up area shows that over 90% of the sites of Palestinian villages remains vacant.