Journal of Korean Law, Vol.2, No.3, 2003 Traditional Legal Thoughts in Korea Chongko Choi * Abstract In spite of the scarcity of research related to traditional Korean law, this article attempts to offer a general overview of traditional Korean legal concepts for Western readers. It surveys the legal history of Korea, from ancient times to the reception of Western law in the 19th Century. Due to Korea’s geographic location--between China and Japan--Korean law holds many similarities to that of “East Asian Common Law.” However, Korea has continuously endeavoured to indigenize imported foreign laws. The Tangun mythology offers the archetype of the Korean concept of law and justice. On the subject of medieval legal concepts influenced by Buddhism, Wonhyo, Choe Chiwon and Chong Mongju are mainly analysed. In regard to early modern legal concepts, the Neo-Confucianists Chong Tojon, Yi Hwang (Toegye) are discussed. When discussing the legal concepts of the late modern period, the Sirhak School, namely Yi I (Yulgok), Yi Ik (Songho), Chong Yakyong (Tasan) are analysed. Kang Hang, Yi Chinyoung and Yi Maegye are included due to their contribution towards “East Asian Common Law”. Each period had dominant morals and values that were enforced by the law. Whilst analysing the dominant legal values during the different periods, the article tries to offer a philosophical foundation of traditional Korean law and East Asian jurisprudence. * Professor of Law, College of Law, Seoul National University; 1970 BA; 1972 LLM at Seoul National University; 1979 Dr. Jur. at Freiburg University; 1987-88 Visiting Scholar at Berkeley and Harvard Law Schools; 1996 Visiting Professor at Freiburg University; 1997 Visiting Professor at University of Hawaii; 2002 Distinguished Adjunct Professor at Santa Clara University Law School; Author of 20 books on Legal History, Jurisprudence, especially on the History of East Asian Legal Thoughts. 75 Journal of Korean Law, Vol. 3, No.1, 2003 I. Introduction Many people, including intellectuals, believe that current Korean law is imported from the West, and draws particular influence from Continental-European law. Therefore, the general consensus remains that Korean traditional law and legal concepts are of no practical use. This might be true, if we understand that there is a discontinuity between traditional and current laws. But the situation is not so simple. Law has two faces: On one side, the institutional dimension, and on the other, the spiritual or philosophical dimension. When we observe Korean law from the point of the latter perspective, the discontinuity between traditional and contemporary law becomes hard to recognize. As will be seen below, traditional Korean law and legal thoughts contained many elements and values that can be applied positively to contemporary legislation. Nevertheless, almost all Korean lawyers and legal scholars have been active in learning Western law and jurisprudence. They have had little mental leisure to review Korean traditional law and jurisprudence. This is quite understandable in light of Korea’s eagerness to modernize, as Korea became a part of the world community. As East Asian civilization emerges on the world stage, the situation is reversing again. Whilst East Asian culture is continuing to open up to globalization, the people are taking time to reflect upon their traditions and identity. They look at their rich traditions with pride and try to re-evaluate them. In the field of legal science, legal comparativists recognize the existence of the “East Asian legal family (ostasiatische Rechtsfamilie)” or “East Asian legal culture (Ostasien- Rechtskultur)”. As a Korean legal scholar who specializes in the history of legal thoughts, this author feels a responsibility to describe traditional legal thoughts within this new context. There is still a distinct scarcity of research in this field. Many people continue to believe, mistakenly, that there are no useful elements in traditional law and legal philosophy. This research will explain traditional legal thoughts according to their periodical development. Let me explain a little bit about the terms “tradition” and “traditional legal thoughts.” Korea first came into contact with Western law in the 1880s. This research is limited to the period before the reception of Western law. Therefore, this paper deals with the traditional legal thoughts that occurred during the ancient, medieval, and modern periods. 77 Traditional Legal Thoughts in Korea As Henry Maine exposed eloquently in his Ancient Law (1861), the legal thoughts of traditional Korea grew from spiritual and religious foundations. Korean religious history is very dynamic and synchronistic.1) Korean legal history has to be described in relationship to cultural and religious history.2) Because institutional legal history is rather different from the history of legal thoughts, this article deals mainly with legal thoughts in relation to its philosophical and religious foundations. “Legal thinkers” represented legal thought. Traditional Korean society had no professional jurists and legal scholars in the modern sense. Therefore, the “legal thoughts” are the illumination of the legal aspects of the general philosophers and scholars. The time span of the “traditional legal thoughts” of Korea covers, (counting Korean history since the time of the mythological Tan’gun) over 4000 years. It is therefore necessary to condense the analysis of each topic and person. This is the first overview of such a history, especially with the foreign reader in mind. II. Ancient Thought of Law A. National Founding Mythology Almost every nation has its own founding mythology. The Korean myth of Tan’gun shows how the cosmos and law are related to primitive religious concepts like totemism and taboo. In ancient times, Hwanung, the son of Hwanin, desired to descend from Heaven and to live amongst men. His father, realizing his son’s intention, chose Taebaek Mountain among three great mountains on which to descend, and saw that mankind would greatly benefit. Taking with him three thousand of his followers, Hwanung descended upon the peak of Taebaek beneath the Sacred Sandlewood Tree. That area was called the land of God and he was known as Hwanung Chonwang [Heavenly King]. Together with his ministers of wind, rain, and cloud, Hwanung instructed mankind about agriculture, preservation 1) For a detailed discussion,, see JAMES HUNTLY GRAYSON, KOREA: A RELIGIOUS HISTORY (1989). 2) See HAHM PYONGCHOON, RELIGION AND LAW IN KOREA, KOREAN JURISPRUDENCE, POLITICS AND CULTURE 152- 79 (Yonsei Univ.Press, 1986); Chongko Choi, Confucianism and Law in Korea, 37 SEOUL LAW JOURNAL 2, 115- 38 (1996). 78 Journal of Korean Law, Vol. 3, No.1, 2003 of life, curing of disease, punishment, and the difference between right and wrong, in all some three hundred and sixty kinds of work. At that time, there was a bear and a tiger that lived together in a cave. They prayed incessantly to Hwanung saying, “Please transform us into men.” Then Hwanung gave them some mugwort and twenty pieces of garlic and said, “If you eat this and do not expose yourself to daylight for one hundred days, you will become a human being.” At the end of twenty-one days, the bear became a woman. The tiger, unable to endure the trial, did not become a man. As there was no one with whom the woman Ungnyo [Bear-woman] could marry, she constantly visited the base of the Sacred Sandalwood Tree to pray for a child. Hwanung gave into to her prayers and decided to marry her. A son was born who was called Tan’gun Wang’gom. In the fiftiet\h year of the Emperor Yao, Tan’gun established a city at Pyongyang and called the nation Choson. He later moved this city to Asadal on Paeg’ak Mountain, which was also known as Kunghol Mountain. He governed [the nation] for 1,500 years.3) Based on this myth, the ideal Korean is explained as a person who is beneficial to his fellow men (Hongik Ingan). This ideal is incorporated into the second article of the Education Law (1951) of The Republic of Korea, as will be explained below. B. Origin of Law In Western jurisprudence, the concept of law is an important part of legal philosophy. The concept of law seems to be delicately various in the European and Anglo-American jurisprudences. The German concept of Recht seems rather to be inclined to the Richtigkeit, i. e. the internal quality of the right law. Anglo-American law, which is developed from the old Germanic word lag, seems to indicate a status that is rightly located.4) East Asian people use the same letter for law; that is .5) The Chinese pronounce 3) ILYON, SAMGUK YUSA:LEGENDS AND HISTORY OF THE THREE KINGDOMS OF ANCIENT KOREA 31-32 (Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton Mintz trans., Yonsei Univ. Press 1997). 4) See CHONGKO CHOI, POPSASANGSA (HISTORY OF LEGAL THOUGHTS) 53-55 (2000). 5) See Luke T. Lee and Whalen W. Lai, The Chinese Conception of Law: Confucian, Legalist and Buddhist, in COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES 1307-29, (Csaba Varga ed., NYU Press 1972); See Chongko Choi, Concept and Symbol of Law in East Asia (a paper read at IVR-Congress in Amsterdam, June 19-25, 2001) (on file with author). 79 Traditional Legal Thoughts in Korea it as fa, the Koreans as pop, and the Japanese as ho. This letter is an abbreviation of the original letter , which is composed of three parts, i. e. ‚ (water), (unicorn) and (going). A mystical animal hsieh (unicorn) was used in an ancient Chinese ordeal to strike the guilty party with a single horn. According to the Lun Heng, writing in the first century, the hsieh was a sheep with a single horn. So, this supernatural animal called Hsieh-chai in Chinese, Haetae in Korean and Komainu in Japanese is the symbol of justice.6) According to a recent philological study, the original letter was pronounced in ancient Altaic.