INTELLECTUALS IN THE MODERN ISLAMIC WORLD This book reconsiders the typology and history of intellectuals in the Islamic world in the modern and contemporary periods from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World distinguishes itself from other major studies on modern thought in Islam by examining this topic beyond the context of the Arabic world. The first section of this book concentrates on a journal, al-Manar, published between 1898 and 1935, and read by a wide range of audiences throughout the Islamic world, which inspired the imagination and arguments of local intellectuals in the first half of the twentieth century. The second part concentrates on the formation, transmission, and transformation of learning and authority, from the Middle East to Central and South Asia, through the twentieth century. Providing a rich variety of case studies, by international authors of the most varied disciplinary scope, Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World meets the highest academic requirements in a spirit of comparative vision and openness to the dynamism of contemporary societies of the Islamic world. As such, this book is essential reading for those with research interests in Islam and intellectual thought. Stéphane A. Dudoignon is a research fellow at the National Center for Scientific Research (Paris). Komatsu Hisao is a professor at the Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo. Kosugi Yasushi is a professor at the Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University. NEW HORIZONS IN ISLAMIC STUDIES Series editor: Professor Sato Tsugitaka The series New Horizons in Islamic Studies presents the fruitful results of Islamic Area Studies Project conducted in Japan during the years 1997–2001. The project has planned to do multidisciplinary research on the dynamism of Muslim societies in both the Islamic and non-Islamic worlds, considering the fact that areas with close ties to Islam now encompass the whole world. This series provides the newest knowledge on the subjects of “symbiosis and conflict in Muslim societies,” “ports, merchants and cross-cultural exchange,” and “democratization and popular movement in Islam.” The readers will find multifarious, useful achievements gained through international joint research with high technology of geographic information systems about Islamic religion and civilization, particularly emphasizing comparative and historical approaches. PERSIAN DOCUMENTS Social history of Iran and Turan in the fifteenth–nineteenth centuries Edited by Kondo Nobuaki ISLAMIC AREA STUDIES WITH GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Edited by Okabe Atsuyuki MUSLIM SOCIETIES Historical and comparative aspects Edited by Sato Tsugitaka INTELLECTUALS IN THE MODERN ISLAMIC WORLD Transmission, transformation, communication Edited by Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Komatsu Hisao, and Kosugi Yasushi INTELLECTUALS IN THE MODERN ISLAMIC WORLD Transmission, transformation, communication Edited by Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Komatsu Hisao, and Kosugi Yasushi I~ ~~o~;~;n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Komatsu Hisao, and Kosugi Yasushi, selection and editorial matter; the contributors, their own chapters Typeset in Times New Roman by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN13: 978–0–415–36835–3 (hbk) CONTENTS Preface vii List of contributors xiv PART I Al-Manar in a changing Islamic world 1 1 Al-Manar revisited: the “lighthouse” of the Islamic revival 3 KOSUGI YASUSHI 2 Al-Manar and popular religion in Syria, 1898–1920 40 DAVID D. COMMINS 3 The Manarists and Modernism: an attempt to fuse society and religion 55 MAHMOUD HADDAD 4 The influence of al-Manar on Islamism in Turkey: the case of Mehmed Âkif 74 KASUYA GEN 5 Echoes to al-Manar among the Muslims of the Russian Empire: a preliminary research note on Riza al-Din b. Fakhr al-Din and the Mura (1908–1918) 85 STÉPHANE A. DUDOIGNON 6 Rationalizing patriotism among Muslim Chinese: the impact of the Middle East on the Yuehua journal 117 MATSUMOTO MASUMI v CONTENTS 7 The transmission of al-Manar’s reformism to the Malay-Indonesian world: the case of al-Imam and al-Munir 143 AZYUMARDI AZRA PART II Intellectuals in challenge: situations, discourses, strategies 159 8 The Arabo-Islamic constitutional thought at 1907: ‘Abd al-Karim Murad (d. 1926) and his draft constitution for Morocco 161 STEFAN REICHMUTH 9 Constructing transnational Islam: the East–West network of Shakib Arslan 176 RAJA ADAL 10 Muslim intellectuals in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the twentieth century: continuities and changes 211 ALEXANDRE POPOVIC 11 From social development to religious knowledge: transformation of the Isma2ilis in Northern Pakistan 226 NEJIMA SUSUMU 12 Islam on the wings of nationalism: the case of Muslim intellectuals in Republican China 241 FRANÇOISE AUBIN 13 Muslim intellectuals and Japan: a Pan-Islamist mediator, Abdurreshid Ibrahim 273 KOMATSU HISAO 14 Clash of cultures? Intellectuals, their publics, and Islam 289 DALE F. EICKELMAN Glossary—Index 305 vi PREFACE Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the weight of the world of Islam, and its significance for humanity in general, have become strikingly apparent. In the aftermath of 9/11 there has been a spectacular increase in academic as well as public concern for the pursuit of inquiries into sociopolitical, economic, and intel- lectual dimensions of the world of Islam. The “Islamic Area Studies Project” (IASP), which was implemented by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan during the last decade of the twentieth century, provided clear indications that foreshadowed the now universally recognized vital significance of these concerns. From 1997 to 2002 the five-year IASP, consisting of six units, conducted interdisciplinary and cross-regional studies on the modern world of Islam. Among others, Unit 1 focused on the dynamism of thought and politics, and since 1999 this subgroup of ours aimed to analyze the evolution of contemporary thought. The essential question dealt with by this research subgroup can be summarized as follows. Among the movements observable in the contemporary world of Islam one of the most outstanding issues is that of Islamic revivals. Far from being reduced to mere ideological phenomena, these revivals have been reflected in the most diverse political and social processes, in both Muslim-majority countries as well as in Muslim-background minorities throughout the world. Although based on the rich heritage of classical Islamic thought, these revivals reveal great changes in this tradition during the “long” twentieth century. What role should the Islamic world play in the twenty-first century? What significance will it embody in the future of humanity? In order to answer these questions one must understand holistically present-day Islamic revival movements. We have endeavored to explore the ideas of major modern and contemporary thinkers from the world of Islam by making use of their texts. So doing, we were expecting to complement our comparative research between regions in order to elucidate the nature of twentieth-century Islamic thought and of the most varied Islamic revivalist movements. At the same time, we have tried to take into account the historical backgrounds and interregional influences that worked on various aspects and issues. vii PREFACE Over five years we conducted a number of seminars, workshops, and international conferences to discuss our common issues. Among various international confer- ences held by the IASP, two had special focus on the intellectual aspects of the modern Islamic world, namely “The Lighthouse of Modern Islam: Al-Manar (1898–1935) Revisited” in 1998, and “Intellectuals in Islam in the Twentieth Century: Situations, Discourses, Strategies” in 2000. The former coincided with the one hundredth anniversary of the inception of the journal al-Manar. Its name, “The Lighthouse,” indicates the aspirations of its founder and main contributor, Muhammad Rashid Rida, and of his colleagues, to provide intellectual illumination for the faithful throughout the world. Early twentieth-century Islam was perhaps approaching a low point, if compared with the ever expanding West, but in spite of that general impression of decay, or per- haps because of it, the “Manarists,” who were associated with the journal, strove to stimulate a reinvigoration of Islam and of the world of Islam. The journal was published periodically until 1935, gathering information and opinions from, and disseminating them back to, the various parts of the world of Islam, from Java to Morocco. However, the journal was forgotten later as its authors’ call was judged a failure, until the new tide of Islamic revival from the late 1960s onward proved the contrary. The conference held in Tokyo in 1998 was to evaluate the histori- cal significance of the journal and to