Marion Reichenbach Dairy production in an urbanizing environment A system approach in Bengaluru, India kassel university press Marion Reichenbach Dairy production in an urbanizing environment A system approach in Bengaluru, India kassel university press This work has been accepted by the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of the University of Kassel as a thesis for acquiring the academic degree of Doktorin der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.). Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eva Schlecht, University of Kassel and Georg August University of Göttingen Co‐Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sven König, Justus Liebig University Giessen Examiner: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Brümmer, Georg August University of Göttingen Examiner: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hummel, Georg August University of Göttingen Defense day: 2. July 2020 This document – excluding quotations and otherwise identified parts – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐Share Alike 4.0 International License (CC BY‐SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐sa/4.0/) https://orcid.org/0000‐0002‐8477‐0808 (Marion Reichenbach) Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Zugl.: Kassel, Univ., Diss. 2020 ISBN 978‐3‐7376‐0894‐7 DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.17170/kobra‐202010221984 © 2020, kassel university press, Kassel https://kup.uni‐kassel.de Printed in Germany To life, resilience and empowerment III Contents List of figures .................................................................................................................... VII List of tables ........................................................................................................................ X Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... XIII Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ XIV Summary ......................................................................................................................... XVI Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................... XIX 1 General Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 A framework to livestock production in an urbanizing environment .......................... 1 1.1.1 A system approach ........................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Urbanization and rural-urban linkages .............................................. 1 1.1.3 Social-ecological system and resilience............................................ 4 1.2 Livestock production systems in an urbanizing environment .................................... 6 1.2.1 Agricultural transition ........................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Market integration ............................................................................. 7 1.2.3 (Peri-)urban livestock production systems ........................................ 8 1.3 Dairy production in an urbanizing environment: the case study of Bengaluru, India . 9 1.3.1 The national context ......................................................................... 9 1.3.2 The city of Bengaluru...................................................................... 11 1.3.3 The dairy sector of Bengaluru ......................................................... 11 1.3.4 Study outline and research objectives ............................................ 13 2 Typology of dairy production systems and linkages in the rural-urban interface of Bengaluru ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Materials and methods .......................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Research area ................................................................................ 17 2.2.2 Sampling design ............................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Dairy production baseline survey .................................................... 20 2.2.2 Statistical analyses ......................................................................... 24 IV 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Predictors of dairy production systems ........................................... 24 2.3.2 Typology of dairy production systems ............................................. 25 2.3.3 Characteristics of dairy productions systems .................................. 27 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 35 2.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 39 3 A system approach to feed conversion efficiency of dairy production in an urbanizing environment ...................................................................................... 41 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Materials and methods .......................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Research area ................................................................................ 42 3.2.2 Dairy production systems and selected units .................................. 43 3.2.3 Data collection ................................................................................ 44 3.2.4 Statistical analyses ......................................................................... 47 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 48 3.3.1 Type of feedstuffs and seasonal contribution .................................. 48 3.3.2 Feeding intensity ............................................................................ 50 3.3.3 Energy and protein coverage .......................................................... 54 3.3.4 Milk offtake and feed conversion efficiency ..................................... 57 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 61 3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 64 4 A system approach to carbon footprint of dairy production in an urbanizing environment ......................................................................................................... 65 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 65 4.2 Materials and methods .......................................................................................... 67 4.2.1 Research area and dairy production systems ................................. 67 4.2.2 Data collection ................................................................................ 68 4.2.3 GHG emissions, functional unit and allocation ................................ 69 4.2.4 Computation of greenhouse gas emissions .................................... 69 V 4.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 71 4.3.1 Characteristics of dairy cattle .......................................................... 71 4.3.1 Feedstuffs and diet ......................................................................... 72 4.3.2 Methane emissions of Bengaluru’s dairy production systems ......... 76 4.3.3 Nitrous oxide emissions of Bengaluru’s dairy production systems .. 78 4.3.4 Carbon footprint of Bengaluru’s dairy production systems .............. 79 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 82 4.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 87 5 General discussion ............................................................................................. 88 5.1 Methodological considerations .............................................................................. 88 5.1.1 The definition of urbanization .......................................................... 88 5.1.2 Dairy production baseline survey .................................................... 89 5.1.3 Quantification of feed conversion efficiency and carbon footprint ... 90 5.2 A critical perspective on Bengaluru’s dairy sector .................................................. 91 5.2.1 Agricultural transition ...................................................................... 91 5.2.2 Market integration ........................................................................... 94 5.3 Generalization of results and further research ....................................................... 98 5.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 100 6 References ........................................................................................................