3 Cover and graphic design: Manoela Massuchetto Jazar Layout: Manoela Massuchetto Jazar Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Knoerr, Fernando Gustavo, Author Séllos-Knoerr, Viviane Coêlho de, Author Teixeira, Alex V., Author Political science and law: citizenship under construction. Viviane Coêlho de Séllos-Knoerr / Fernando Gustavo Knoerr / Alex Volnei Teixeira. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2021. 253p.: Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-7777884-0-7 PREFACE It is a real honor and a great pleasure to present this work of my friends and colleagues, to the public, lay readers, as well as pro- fessionals will very much enjoy this scholarly book. The authors, pro- fessors of the University Center of Curitiba – UNICURITIBA, and the First Nations University of Canada - FNUNIV exhibit great ability and wisdom not merely in the understanding and interpretation of the great works of the philosophy of the law of the Western Civilization, but also an acute ease in explaining deep and complex ideas to rea- ders. In this narrative you will find the origins of political ideas and the sources of the law of our European descendent countries. The story begins with a discussion of the various types of thought, me- thods and science. In the second part, the authors dig deeper to un- ravel the intellectual foundations of the classical theory of law in Greece and Rome, dealing with authors of great importance such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, as well as other smaller and more ancient ones. With Christian heritage, the Western philosophy of law demonstrates more religious characteristics, and the conflicts of the monarchies and the Church come to the fore. Catholic thinkers such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas are the best known of the Middle Age, but Protestant authors such as Luther and Calvin are also addressed, as well as non-religious ones, such as the realist Machiavelli that come to surpass the schools of thought of the tradi- tional Church. With the revolution of modernity, the world of Europe became more secular and the most rationalistic and empirical philo- sophies emerged. The authors describe well the diverse currents of the modern era, including theories of the State, such as those of Bo- din and Hobbes, the individualism and liberalism of Locke, Montes- quieu, Kant and the Enlightenment, and the more collective theorists such as Hegel and Marx. The journey through the history of political and legal philosophy ends in the twentieth century with the concepts of Max Weber, the Social State, and the theories of Hans Kelsen. In this narration the reader will discern the forerunners of the current ideas that form the basis of our political system and contem- porary law. You will see disputes over the nature of science and rea- lity itself; discussions about the relations between the State and the individual and their role in society; arguments about the definitions of freedom and equality; and what is most important today, questions about rights, what types of states and what kinds of social, economic and political changes are necessary to achieve the realization and protection of these rights. And we cannot have better guides on this journey through Western philosophy than these two illustrious authors. Viviane Coê- lho de Séllos- Knoerr, who is the coordinator of the Master's Program in Business Law and Citizenship of the University Center of Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. She graduated from the Federal University of Espi- rito Santo and master in Consumer Relations Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. She also holds a PhD in State Law with an emphasis on Constitutional Law from PUC-SP. Besides being the coordinator of the Master Program, she is a professor at UNICU- RITIBA and author of many books on topics such as constitutional law, ethics in lawyership, business and consumption responsibility, she is also an organizer of books from various areas of knowledge. She has also published many chapters in books and articles in vari- ous law journals about sustainability, socio-environmental practices, human dignity, corporate responsibility and consumer relations. Fernando Gustavo Knoerr holds a bachelor's degree from the Federal University of Paraná, where he also obtained his Master's and PhD degrees in State Law. He was a law professor at UFPR and now he is a law professor at the Curitiba University Center – UniCuritiba, student in the Master's Program, as well as professor of administra- tive law at the Paraná School of Magistracy and the Paraná Public Ministry School Foundation. Acting in the legal profession in Paraná and Santa Catarina, he is a member of the Institutes of Law and the OAB, serving in the Electoral Law Commission of this organization. With a specialization in Administrative and Electoral Law, he is the author of a book on the perspectives of political reform in Brazil and also articles on reforms, Constitutional and Criminal Law of Brazil, and tax immunity of philanthropic entities. Alex V. Teixeira holds a Bachelor's Degree in Business from the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Master of Science in In- formation Technology at the Federal University of Parana (UFPR) and PhD in Urban Management at the Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR). He is the author of the books Logistics in Public Adminis- tration: Concepts and methods (2014); Management; Law and Technology Citizenship Service (2014); Management, Design and New Technologies (2014); Society, Law, and Sustainability (2013). He also has been teaching at the First Nations University of Canada and the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. With these outstanding authors, it is easy to predict that rea- ders will very much enjoy and take great advantage of this panoramic view of the history of political and legal thought. With the knowledge found in a tour inside these pages, you will gain a deeper understan- ding of the themes and issues that persist today. Have a nice trip! Augustus Bonner CoChran, III Professor of Political Science, Cathedra of Adeline A. Loridans Faculty of Agnes Scott Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK I - GNOSEOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY CHAPTER I - ABOUT KNOWLEDGE .................................................................................. 13 I. Thought And Language........................................................... 13 II. The Common Sense .............................................................. 16 III. The Myths ........................................................................... 18 IV. The Teory ............................................................................ 21 CHAPTER II - THE SCIENCE AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ........................................... 25 I. The Science ......................................................................... 25 II. The Method ......................................................................... 27 BOOK II - COSMOLOGICAL IUSNATURALISM CHAPTER I - PHYSICAL OR NATURALISTIC PHASE .......................................................... 39 I. The Construction of the Concept of Iusnaturalism ........................ 39 II. The Mythological Origin .......................................................... 40 III. The Ontological Origin ............................................................ 42 The ionic school .................................................................................. 44 Thales of Miletus (624-548 BC) .......................................................... 45 Anaximander (610-547 BC) ................................................................ 46 Anaximenes (588-524 BC) .................................................................. 47 CHAPTER II - TRANSITIONAL SCHOOLS........................................................................... 49 I. The Transition – Passing from the Physical to the Humanistic Phase ..................................................................49 II. The Dialectic of Heraclitus (540-480 BC) ....................................50 III. Parmenides (530-460 BC) .......................................................51 IV. Pythagoras and the Number the Humanistic Phase of the Pre-Socratic Philosophy ..................................................53 V. The Sophists .........................................................................55 Protgoras, Gorgias and the law ........................................................... 57 CHAPTER III - HUMANISTIC PHASE ................................................................................. 61 I. Socrates ..............................................................................61 II. Plato ...................................................................................66 The Platonic Idealistic Base................................................................. 68 Political theory in Plato ........................................................................ 72 The Republic ....................................................................................... 72 The Laws ............................................................................................. 77 III. Aristotle ...............................................................................79 The political thought of Aristotle .......................................................... 80 The political thought of Aristotle: justice and forms of governance ........................................................................................