MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ENVIRONMENT, TRADE, LABOUR AND TOURISM, GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU THE STUDY FOR ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM, COASTAL EROSION AND PROTECTION/REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED AREA IN TUVALU FINAL REPORT [Volume III : Supporting Report] No.1: Part I –Part II JANUARY 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. and FISHERIES ENGINEERING CO.,LTD. GED JR 11-096 < Structure of Report > Volu me I Summary Report Volu me II Main Report Volume III Supporting Report 1 FJ$ = 48.9 Yen (As of November 2010) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ENVIRONMENT, TRADE, LABOUR AND TOURISM, GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU THE STUDY FOR ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM, COASTAL EROSION AND PROTECTION/REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED AREA IN TUVALU <FINAL REPORT> Volume III: Supporting Report Table of Contents PART I: COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Natural Condition....................................................................................PI-S1-1 1.1 Meteorological Phenomena.......................................................................PI-S1-2 1.2 Oceanographic Phenomena .....................................................................PI-S1-28 1.3 Topographic and Geological Characteristics.............................................PI-S1-49 2 Environmental Conditions...................................................................... PI-S1-61 2.1 Water Quality and Sediment Analysis......................................................PI-S1-62 Section 2: (Data Book) 1 Wind Data ..............................................................................................PI-S2-1 1.1 Monthly Joint Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Speed and Wind Direction (1999-2008) .............................................................................................PI-S2-2 i 1.2 Monthly Wind Rose (1999 - 2008).............................................................PI-S2-7 1.3 Monthly Wind Speed at Funafuti (1994 - 2009)........................................PI-S2-10 2 Air Temperature, Water Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Data ...... PI-S2-17 3 Sea Level Data...................................................................................... PI-S2-24 4 Borrow Pit Data .................................................................................... PI-S2-31 PART II: FIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND FIELD SERVEY IN SEA AND COASTAL AREAS FOR BASIC STUDY Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Field Reconnaissance............................................................................. PII-S1-1 1.1 Fongafale Islet........................................................................................ PII-S1-2 1.2 Tengako Islet........................................................................................ PII-S1-18 1.3 Other Islets .......................................................................................... PII-S1-30 2 Field Observation in Sea and Coastal Areas for Basic Study....................PII-S1-42 2.1 Wave Observation ................................................................................ PII-S1-43 2.2 Current Observation ............................................................................. PII-S1-52 2.3 Topographic Survey.............................................................................. PII-S1-58 2.4 Bathymetry Survey............................................................................... PII-S1-69 2.5 Bottom Sediment Survey ...................................................................... PII-S1-74 2.6 Water Quality Survey...........................................................................PII-S1-120 2.7 Coastal Ecology Survey.......................................................................PII-S1-135 Section 2: (Data Book) Data of field observations in sea and coastal areas for basic study were stored in DVD attached. ii PART III: FIELD SERVEY FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Topographic Survey.............................................................................. PIII-S1-1 2 Bathymetric Survey.............................................................................. PIII-S1-9 3 Gravel Resource Survey...................................................................... PIII-S1-20 4 Coastal Ecology Survey for Feasibility Study....................................... PIII-S1-37 Section 2: (Data Book) Data of field survey for feasibility study were stored in DVD attached. PART IV: INTERVIEW SERVEY FOR COASTAL VULNERABILITY OF FONGAFALE ISLET Section 2: (Data Book) 1 Questionnaire Sheet for Coastal Vulnerability of Fongafale Island ........... PIV-S2-1 2 Brochures of the Study.......................................................................... PIV-S2-4 3 Summary of Questionnaire Result ......................................................... PIV-S2-6 PART V: CONSENSUS BUILDING Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Presentation for the Public Hearing..........................................................PV-S1-1 1.1 1st Public Hearing.................................................................................. PV-S1-2 1.2 2nd Public Hearing............................................................................... PV-S1-10 2 Minutes of Meeting on the Public Hearing ............................................. PV-S1-19 2.1 1st Public Hearing................................................................................ PV-S1-20 2.2 2nd Public Hearing............................................................................... PV-S1-32 3 Results of Feedback Sheet on the Public Hearing.................................... PV-S1-56 iii 1.1 1st Public Hearing................................................................................ PV-S1-57 1.2 2nd Public Hearing............................................................................... PV-S1-73 PART VI: EXAMINATION AND DESIGN OF COASTAL PROTECTION MEASURES Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Evaluation of Inflow from Ocean as a Result of Causeway Excavation .... PVI-S1-1 2 Representative Wave Investigation .......................................................PVI-S1-16 3 One-Line Theory Model to Evaluate the Beach Transformation..............PVI-S1-35 Section 2: (Data Book) 1 Results of Geotechnical Test for Dredging Sand in Lagoon ..................... PVI-S2-1 PART VII: FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC ANALYSES Section 2: (Data Book) 1 Questionnaire for Cost of Damage due to Flooding................................PVII-S2-1 2 Results of Economic Analysis ..............................................................PVII-S2-7 PART VIII: MINUTES OF MEETING Section 1: (Supporting Report) 1 Inception Report (IC/R) Meeting........................................................ PVIII-S1-2 2 1st PCC Meeting ............................................................................... PVIII-S1-6 3 2nd PCC Meeting.............................................................................PVIII-S1-13 4 3rd PCC Meeting..............................................................................PVIII-S1-18 5 Meeting on Draft Final Report...........................................................PVIII-S1-24 iv The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu PART I: COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA Section 1: Supporting Report 1. Natural Conditions PI-S1-１ The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu 1. Natural Conditions The characteristics of natural conditions such as meteorological and oceanographic phenomena and topographic and geological features at Fongafale Island in Funafuti Atoll will be shown as the following sections. 1.1 Meteorological Phenomena As part of the AusAid-sponsored South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project for the south pacific region, a SEAFRAME (Sea Level Fine Resolution Acoustic Measuring Equipment) gauge was installed in Funafuti, Tuvalu, in March 1993. SEAFRAME gauges not only measure sea level by two independent means, but also a number of ancillary variables– air and water temperature, wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric pressure. The time used for SEAFRAME is a Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), therefore the local time can be obtained by minus 12 hours. Source: SOPAC Figure 1.1 Location Map of SEAFRAME at Funafuti, Tuvalu PI-S1-２ The study for assessment of ecosystem, coastal erosion and protection / rehabilitation Final Report of damaged area in Tuvalu (1) Winds a) General Description The streamlines of mean surface wind shown in Figure 1.2 shows how the Tuvalu region is dominated by easterly trade winds. In the Southern Hemisphere the Trades blow to the northwest and in the Northern Hemisphere they blow to the southwest. The streamlines converge, or crowd together, along the “South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)”. SPCZ Source: Pacific Country Report, Tuvalu Figure 1.2 Streamlines of Mean Surface Wind b) Wind Speeds and Winds Directions The wind data observed at the SEAFRAME station in Funafuti are provided in “Data Book” attached to this report as “Monthly Joint Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Speed and Wind Direction (1999- 2008)”, “Monthly Wind Rose (1999- 2008)” and “Monthly Wind Speed (1994- 2009)”. The annual wind data show the wind in Fongafale to be seasonal. We divided the wind conditions in the region into 4(four) seasons, i.e. Summer/Wet Season from