ROMANIAN REVIEW OF REGIONAL STUDIES, Volume XII, Number 1, 2016 THE ROLE OF VITICULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND MICROREGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION. COMPARATIVE STUDY: ALBA AND BISTRIȚA-NĂSĂUD COUNTIES ILEANA-CRISTINA VASILIȚĂ-CRĂCIUN1, CAMELIA-INA GAVRA2 ABSTRACT – In this paper, we analyze the components of vineyard cultural landscape, its role in differentiating micro-regional landscape and micro-regional identity formation, under theoretical and territorial aspect, taking into account two Romanian counties: Alba and Bistriţa-Năsăud. The study focuses also on shaping the future evolution of the vineyard cultural landscape, following the proposals for its sustainable management. Keywords: viticultural landscape, cultural landscape, territorial identity, territorial differentiation, viticultural micro-regions, Alba County, Bistrița-Năsăud County INTRODUCTION Cultural landscape has become the “[...] bearer of values, reflecting the work of generations that have followed in its construction, its image representing a show and a lesson about knowledge of nature’s understanding the complexity of relations between human societies and Earth’s functioning, while contributing to the definition of regional identity” (Atlas des Paysages de Haute-Savoie, 1997, p. 3) and is characterized by a “[...] particular geographical-historical evolution, cultural and linguistic particularities, the economic profile dominated by certain defining features, consciousness of belonging to a well-defined regional space etc.” (Popa, Bioteau, Pavel and Işfănescu, 2007, p. 11). In this regard, we consider as enlightening the claim that “regional identity is the spirit and energy that comprise everything the region does and offer [...]” (Küster, 2008, p. 2); thus, its image relies on a set of specific elements, acting for the differentiation. Natural and cultural elements (socio-cultural pattern, architecture, traditional occupations, crafts, etc.), in constant interaction and interdependence over time, sketch defining features that individualize, in regional terms, the present and future trajectory of regional development, subordinating to the typical political, economic, social and/or religious pre-existing contexts. In this context, cultural landscape research as an element with special role in shaping regional identity implies interdisciplinary analyses designed to highlight particular elements, illustrating territorial differentiation. Data on items related to the natural resources, socio-demographic, economic, political, linked at temporal and spatial level, bring an added value for highlighting function and, hence, the type of cultural landscape. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES According to Cocean (2010, pp. 174-175), landscape (landschaft) is a concept formulated by Hommeyer (1805), used to define an area that is visually perceived. Later, its meaning was enriched by including natural (natural landschaft) or anthropogenic (modified/ cultural landschaft) features. Cultural landscape instead is a concept introduced by Otto Schlüter (1907), used to characterize territorial units such as geographical regions, in which the anthropogenic transformation is the decisive 1 Research Fellow, PhD, Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary, Geography Section, 42 August Treboniu Laurean Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mail: [email protected] 2 PhD, E-mail: [email protected] 79 ILEANA-CRISTINA VASILIȚĂ-CRĂCIUN and CAMELIA-INA GAVRA factor. Regions are further defined by the same author (2010, p. 175) as “systemic territorial units with organic articulated structure and functions”. At the same time, due to their ethnographic homogeneity and specificity (occupations, customs and traditions), geographical regions may exhibit the same type of cultural landscape, generating what Kaganskii (2013) rightfully called cultural regions (Cocean, 2014, p. 21). In this regard, in the systemic vision, “[...] cultural landscape is a complex spatial entity, characterized by internal hierarchical organization, specific dynamics, relationships, characteristics and structure, of which genesis and persistence are conditioned by the existence of the human factor. In this connection, its global development is closely correlated with the dynamics of the numerous local spatial and temporal sequences which are characteristic (local cultural landscapes, regional cultural landscapes, etc.), highlighting specific ways of interaction between natural and cultural components” (Gavra, 2013, p. 25). Thus, the heterogeneous expression of the involved factors, in a certain territory and time, explains the emergence and development of regional differentiation as inequalities between comparable places. The actions of certain factors are often antagonistic, the delicate balance being strongly disturbed by an unexpected event. Figure 1. The spiral of discussions Source: Egli (1996), cited by Schenk (2006, p. 102) At micro-regional level, the formerly mentioned components “impresses territorial developmental pathways, local and regional strongly differentiated“ (Benedek and Kurko, 2010, p. 77), which began to amplify in modern and contemporary period, after 1989, following the change of political regime. The occurred consequences implied profound changes, mainly social and economic. The replacement of the former planned economy by the market economy generated radical changes, fulminating developments in certain areas, but also irreparable decline in others, deepening regional differences. An expression of culture, which imprinted the landscape of the region under study in a special way, is viticulture. Starting from the syntagma “the character of a landscape, the specificity of a space, which includes, not only the natural environment, but also social achievements, history and inherited vestiges that provides people connection with the space” (Wille, 2008, p. 42), we can say that viticultural landscape (as a result of the interaction and interdependence of local natural and 80 THE ROLE OF VITICULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND MICRO-REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION. COMPARATIVE STUDY: ALBA AND BISTRIȚA-NĂSĂUD COUNTIES anthropogenic factors) contribute to the micro-regional differentiation, representing, at the same time, a visible element of the concept of regional identity by its very capacity for self-representation and visual perception thereof. Therefore, the viticultural landscape research is relevant to highlight a distinct evolution of these agricultural components, according to the natural and anthropogenic factors manifested over time, given the well-known tradition of these areas in terms of viticulture since the Dacian period. Thus, in terms of methodology, the study was completed in three successive stages. The preparation phase included the formulation of research objectives, delimitation of the micro, meso and macro space, choosing the optimal research methods and means, consultation of bibliographic sources on the two areas under analysis, preparation of cartographic representations and field research conducted in order to obtain new and relevant information. The second stage involved quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected data , as well as comparative analysis, explanation and assessment with the aim of pointing out the structure and functioning of the viticultural landscape. The last stage consisted in proposals to support the sustainable development, in competitive form, of this type of cultural landscape, according to the following steps: cultural landscape management, establishing measures for implementation and control. VITICULTURE IN ALBA AND BISTRIȚA-NĂSĂUD COUNTIES. COMPARATIVE ISSUES The physical and geographical peculiarities of the territory and those related to the anthropogenic component have shaped the specific circumstances for socio-economic development of Alba and Bistrița-Năsăud counties. On this line, the research involves a multidirectional approach to highlight, through positive attributes (the qualities of cultural landscape) and negative traits (the values of the whole that need improvement), a deep understanding of potential problems, opportunities and, eventually, identify specific strategies to follow. Natural factors determining the formation of viticultural landscape The analysis of geological and topographic maps reveals that the landforms in Alba County are grafted on a complex geological structure, including mountains (the Apuseni Mountains - in the northwest, the Southern Carpathians – in the south), which represent one-third of county’s area, piedmonts connecting the eastern highland area (the Transylvanian Plateau), crossed by corridors and small basins. In the case of Bistrița-Năsăud County, according to Morariu et al. (1972, pp. 7, 12), landforms appear to be like a vast natural amphitheatre, indestructibly related to the Carpathian Mountains. The county is also bordered by several mountain peaks (Țibleș, Rodna, Suhard, Bârgău and Călimani), continued by hills (300-500 m), which outlined a high dispersion degree of plantations (crops). Vines development in a favourable context requires an imperious need to fulfil certain particular conditions (landform, climate and soil conditions), which generally impose plantations to be set up on the southern, south-eastern, and south-western slopes and along the valleys between the hills, where sunlight is optimal. From a climate perspective, the analysed areas fit into the limits of the national specificity, with a temperate continental climate, characterized by the predominance of the western circulation and,