Front cover Introduction to Grid Computing Learn grid computing basics Understand architectural considerations Create and demonstrate a grid environment Bart Jacob Michael Brown Kentaro Fukui Nihar Trivedi ibm.com/redbooks International Technical Support Organization Introduction to Grid Computing December 2005 SG24-6778-00 Note: Before using this information, read the information in “Notices” on page ix. First Edition (December 2005) © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2005. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . ix Trademarks . x Preface . xi The team that wrote this redbook. xi Become a published author . xiii Comments welcome. xiii Part 1. Grid fundamentals . 1 Chapter 1. What grid Computing is . 3 Chapter 2. Benefits of grid computing . 7 2.1 Exploiting under utilized resources . 8 2.2 Parallel CPU capacity . 9 2.3 Virtual resources and virtual organizations for collaboration. 10 2.4 Access to additional resources . 11 2.5 Resource balancing. 12 2.6 Reliability . 14 2.7 Management . 15 2.8 Summary . 17 Chapter 3. Grid terms and concepts . 19 3.1 Types of resources . 20 3.1.1 Computation . 20 3.1.2 Storage . 20 3.1.3 Communications . 22 3.1.4 Software and licenses . 22 3.1.5 Special equipment, capacities, architectures, and policies . 23 3.2 Jobs and applications . 23 3.3 Scheduling, reservation, and scavenging . 24 3.4 Grid software components . 26 3.4.1 Management components. 26 3.4.2 Distributed grid management . 26 3.4.3 Donor software . 27 3.4.4 Submission software . 28 3.4.5 Schedulers . 28 3.4.6 Communications . 29 3.4.7 Observation and measurement. 29 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2005. All rights reserved. iii 3.5 Intragrid and intergrid . 30 3.6 Summary . 32 Chapter 4. Grid user roles . 33 4.1 Using a grid: A user’s perspective. 34 4.1.1 Enrolling and installing grid software. 34 4.1.2 Logging onto the grid . 34 4.1.3 Queries and submitting jobs . 35 4.1.4 Data configuration . 36 4.1.5 Monitoring progress and recovery. 36 4.1.6 Reserving resources . 37 4.2 Using a grid: An administrator’s perspective . 38 4.2.1 Planning . 38 4.2.2 Installation . 39 4.2.3 Managing enrollment of donors and users . 39 4.2.4 Certificate authority . 40 4.2.5 Resource management. 41 4.2.6 Data sharing . 41 4.3 Summary . 42 Part 2. Grid architecture considerations. 43 Chapter 5. Standards for grid environments . 45 5.1 Overview . 46 5.1.1 OGSA . 46 5.1.2 OGSI . 47 5.1.3 OGSA-DAI. 47 5.1.4 GridFTP. 48 5.1.5 WSRF . 48 5.1.6 Web services related standards . 49 Chapter 6. Application considerations . 51 6.1 General application considerations . 52 6.2 CPU-intensive application considerations . 53 6.3 Data considerations. 59 6.4 Summary . 62 Chapter 7. Security . 63 7.1 Introduction to grid security . 64 7.1.1 Grid security requirements . 64 7.1.2 Security fundamentals. 67 7.1.3 Important grid security terms. 68 7.1.4 Symmetric key encryption . 69 7.1.5 Asymmetric key encryption . 70 iv Introduction to Grid Computing 7.1.6 The Certificate Authority . 71 7.1.7 Digital certificates . 73 7.2 Grid security infrastructure . 76 7.2.1 Getting access to the grid . 76 7.2.2 Grid secure communication . 82 7.2.3 Grid security step-by-step . 84 7.3 Grid infrastructure security . 88 7.3.1 Physical security . 88 7.3.2 Operating system security. 88 7.3.3 Grid and firewalls . 89 7.3.4 Host intrusion detection. ..