Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87537-0 - Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Edited by Lars-Olof Wahlund, Timo Erkinjuntti and Serge Gauthier Index More information Index Ab see amyloid proteins vascular disease and 166–8, 169, 172, 187 acetazolamide 74 treatment 189 acetylcholinesterase see cholinergic system see also mixed dementia activities of daily living (ADL) 200–4 aMCI see mild cognitive impairment (MCI) AD see Alzheimer’s disease amyloid precursor protein (APP) 140, 181 ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale) 195 amyloid proteins 139–40 ADDTC (Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment in AD 33, 84–5, 140, 188 Centers) diagnostic criteria 35, 36 after cardiac arrest 172 adipose tissue 222–4 cholesterol and 181, 224 age mutations 141–6 in clinical trial recruitment 227 in VaD 85, 188 cognitive changes 15, 24 see also cerebral amyloid angiopathy epidemiology of dementia 5, 161, 220 anesthetics 171 aggression 207, 212 angiitis 101–3 treatment 212–13 angular gyrus 7, 34 agitation 207, 208, 210 anticonvulsant drugs 212–13 treatment 212–13 antidepressant drugs 212 albumin 88 antihypertensive drugs 157–8, 171, 174, 180, 221–2 alcohol use 159, 183 anti-inflammatory drugs 158 allergic angiitis 102 antioxidants 160, 183 alternative therapies 211 antipsychotic drugs 213–14 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) anxiety 207 amyloid and 33, 84–5, 140, 188 anxiolytic drugs 213 cognitive impairment 48, 48–50, 51, 52, 55, 120 aorta, arteritis of 101 cognitive reserve 184 aphasia 38–9, 107 diagnosis apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele 41, 155, 163, b-amyloid 84–5 167, 184 clinical criteria 4, 39 APP (amyloid precursor protein) 140, 181 differential (compared to VaD) 53, 55, 73–4, 185–7 Arctic mutation CAA 144 imaging 70, 71, 73–4, 75 aromatherapy 211 tau protein 85, 86 arterial dissection 100–1 hereditary 140, 146–50, 178 arteriosclerosis see atherosclerosis history 178 arteritis 101–3 preclinical phase 51 ARWMC (age-related white matter changes) risk factors 6, 83, 156, 158, 167, 179–84, 221 rating scale 63 235 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87537-0 - Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Edited by Lars-Olof Wahlund, Timo Erkinjuntti and Serge Gauthier Index More information 236 Index assessment methods CARASIL (cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with activities of daily living 200–4 subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) 126 behavioral symptoms 208–10 carbamazepine 212 in clinical trials 195 cardiac arrest 172–3 cognition 54, 195 cardiac failure 170–1 WML in MRI scans 62–3 cardiovascular disease atherosclerosis 98–100, 123 atherosclerosis 98–100, 167 in AD 187 research areas 173–4 APOE4 and 167 as a risk factor for dementia 157, 163, 168, 182, 184 as a risk factor for dementia 157, 168–70 risk factors in common with dementia 166–8 stroke and 100, 106 carers 202, 208, 210 see also coronary artery bypass grafting support programs 203, 212 atrial fibrillation 157, 163, 168–74 CBF see cerebral blood flow cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 124, 151 behavioral symptoms 38–40, 121, 206–8 AD and 33, 140, 156, 188 assessment 208–10 b-amyloid and 139, 140, 141–6, 150 treatment 210–14 brain pathology 124, 156, 162, 188 Behc¸et’s disease 103 hereditary forms benzodiazepines 213 amyloid protein mutations 124, 141–6 Binswanger’s disease 38, 71, 82, 118 other 146–50 see also subcortical VaD stroke and 124 biomarkers 77, 88 see also amyloid proteins b-amyloid 84–5, 88, 140 cerebral atrophy 12, 17, 23, 65–7, 136, 162 of blood-brain barrier status 88 cerebral blood flow (CBF) 188, 214 homocysteine 40, 82–3, 88, 160 imaging 70, 71–4 hypercoagulability markers 81–2 cerebroretinal vasculopathy 126 of inflammation 83 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 41 of structural damage 86–7 b-amyloid 84–5 blood flow see cerebral blood flow cholesterol 181 blood pressure CSF/serum albumin ratio 88 antihypertensive treatment 157–8, 171, 174, 180, 221–2 inflammatory markers 84 as a risk factor 16–17, 157–8, 163, 179–80, 221 neurofilaments 87 blood-brain barrier 87–8, 181 NSE 86 body mass index 158, 181–2, 222–4, 226 sulfatide 87 border zone (watershed) infarcts 61, 98 tau protein 289.8b brain atrophy 12, 17, 23, 65–7, 136, 162 ubiquitin 86 BRI2-related dementias 149–50 cerebrovascular disease (CVD) 12 bright light therapy 211 aging and 12–13, 15–18, 24 British type familial dementia (FBD) 149–50 dementia and 3, 20–3, 23–4, 77, 156–7 buspirone 213 diagnosis of VaD/VCI 11–12, 36 MCI and 18–20 C-reactive protein (CRP) 83, 158 see also stroke, white matter lesions CAA see cerebral amyloid angiopathy children 225 CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with cholesterol, high levels 158, 163, 180–1, 224–5 subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) 125–6 cholinergic system deficits 87, 188, 196, 207 cognitive impairment in 22, 37, 47 treatment 74, 196–7, 214 imaging 64, 74 Churg-Strauss syndrome 102 preclinical phase 53 classification see definitions and classification calcifications 59 clinical trial design 195, 226–8 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87537-0 - Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Edited by Lars-Olof Wahlund, Timo Erkinjuntti and Serge Gauthier Index More information Index 237 coagulation abnormalities, markers of 81–2 clinical criteria 4, 39 cognitive impairment imaging 70, 71, 73–4, 75 age-related changes 15 tau protein 86–7, 86 assessment scales 54, 195 differential 48–50, 53, 55, 73–4, 105, 185–7 homocysteine and 83 mixed dementia 8–9, 33, 53, 81, 121, 186–7 mild (MCI) 14, 18–20, 120, 168, 186 VaD post-stroke 5 clinical criteria 7–8, 35–8, 121 pre-diagnosis 15–18, 51, 54–5, 56 complicating conditions 38–40 pre-stroke 34, 107, 163 imaging see imaging treatment 196–7, 203 neurological signs 6, 40, 120 in VaD 20–3, 36, 39, 46 post-stroke 34–5, 36, 37, 59–61, 71 AD compared 22–3, 36–7, 48–50, 52, 55, 120 problems with 32–3, 35, 53–4 CADASIL 37, 47 subcortical VaD 34, 35, 38, 51, 61–4 post-stroke 6, 36, 37, 46, 48 tau protein 86 subcortical 7, 19–20, 47, 50, 80, 120–1 work-up 40–1 cognitive reserve 184 VCI 54 complementary medicine 211 diet 160, 182–4, 226 computed tomography (CT) 58, 62, 97 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 67, 135 computerized image analysis 71–3 disconnection syndrome 13 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 171–2 donepezil 196–7 cortical VaD see post-stroke VaD dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) 14, 18, 20, 50 CSF see cerebrospinal fluid Down syndrome 124 CT (computed tomography) 58, 62, 97 DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental CVD see cerebrovascular disease Disorders, 4th Edition) 35 cystatin C-related CAA 146–7 Dutch mutation CAA (HCHWA-D) 124, 143 cytokines 84 dysexecutive syndrome see executive dysfunction D-dimer 81 elder abuse 210 Danish type familial dementia (FDD) 150 emotional lability 207 definitions and classification entorhinal complex 49 dementia 35–6 environmental strategies for treatment 203–4, 211 MCI 4, 186 epidemiology MID 3, 96, 118 age and dementia 5, 161, 220 mixed dementia 186 behavioral symptoms 206–8 post-stroke (large vessel, cortical) VaD 6, 95 VaD 5, 121 subcortical (small vessel) VaD 6–7, 119 CADASIL 125 VaD in general 3, 6, 11, 33, 77, 119, 118 post-stroke 5, 79, 161 VCI 3, 4, 11–12, 186 VCI 4 delirium 209 see also risk factors delusions 207, 209 episodic memory loss 14–15 Dementia Risk Score 189 AD 48 demyelination 87, 124 AD and VaD compared 49, 50 depression 40, 207, 208 preclinical phase 51–2, 53 treatment 212 VaD 48–50 diabetes mellitus 157–9, 163, 182, 222 subcortical 19–20, 37, 50, 120 see also metabolic syndrome WML and hippocampal atrophy compared 18–20 diagnosis see also cognitive impairment AD etat crible 64, 123 b-amyloid 84–5 ethnicity 161 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87537-0 - Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice Edited by Lars-Olof Wahlund, Timo Erkinjuntti and Serge Gauthier Index More information 238 Index executive dysfunction 47–8 haloperidol 213 AD and VaD compared 49, 50 HCHWA-D (hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with episodic memory loss and 48 amyloidosis, Dutch type) 124, 143 in heart failure 170 HCHWA-I (hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with in subcortical VaD 7, 19–20, 80, 120 amyloidosis, Icelandic type) 146–7 exercise 159–60, 183, 211 heart failure 170–1 explicit memory 14–15 hereditary disorders see also episodic memory loss AD 140, 146, 178 CAA familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) 148 amyloid protein mutations 124, 141–6 familial British dementia (FBD) 149–50 other 146–50 familial Danish dementia (FDD) 150 CADASIL 125–6 familial disorders see hereditary disorders cognitive impairment in 22, 37, 47 families see carers imaging 64, 74 fat preclinical phase 53 adipose tissue 222–4 CARASIL 126 dietary 160, 182–3 other small vessel disease 126 Fazekas rating scale for WML 63 retinopathies 126 fibrinogen 81–2 HERNS (hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, fibrinogen degradation product 81 nephropathy and stroke) 126 Finnish type cerebral amyloidosis 147 high density lipoprotein (HDL) 180 Flemish mutation CAA 141–3 hippocampus 14, 18–20, 23, 49, 65, 196 fractal dimension analysis 73 histopathology frontal lobe amyloidosis 139–40 executive dysfunction and 47–8, 49–50 angiitis 101, 102, 103 white matter lesions 14, 17–18 arterial dissection 101 see also prefrontal cortex atherosclerosis 98 frontotemporal dementia 70, 74 CADASIL 125 functional decline 200–1 infarcts 97 moyamoya disease 103 gabapentin 212 subcortical VaD 122, 123, 124 galantamine