This handbook enables journalism educators worldwide to address one of the challenges of the 21st century – migration and forced displacement. In a set of thirteen modules, journalism educators are provided with a comprehensive curriculum. It covers all aspects needed to train analysis, research, presentation, marketing, and ethics of migration coverage. The handbook is unique as it comprises results of communication studies as well as political and social sciences. It has been developed by an international and cross-cultural group of media researchers, media educators and media practitioners. Journalism educators will be enabled to jump-start a new curriculum. Journalism students will learn that matters of migration and forced displacement are con- cerned about human beings and therefore require knowledge and awareness of accurate facts, reliable sources, ethical reporting and good practices. Experi- enced journalists will benefit from using the volume as a self-learning tool, and media development organiza- tions may adapt the curriculum to their training plans. Reporting on The project will impact a more comprehensive cover- age of migrant and refugee matters in countries of ori- gin, transit and destination, and a more balanced and informed public debate across countries and cultures. Migrants Researched and edited by ANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS and Reporting on Migrants and Refugees Reporting on Migrants and Refugees H Refugees Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism www.brost.org HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS ISBN: 978-92-3-100456-8 Supported by UNESCO Series on Journalism Education 9 789231 004568 UNESCO Series on Journalism Education Reporting on Migrants and Refugees HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS UNESCO Series on Journalism Education Published in 2021 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO, 2021 ISBN: 978-92-3-100456-8 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use- ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Editors: Susanne Fengler, Monika Lengauer, Anna-Carina Zappe Recommended citation: Fengler, S., Lengauer, M., & Zappe, A.-C. (eds.). (2021). Reporting on Migrants and Refugees. Handbook for Journalism Educators. Paris: UNESCO. Photo credits of the first page of the modules: J. Bävman (UNHCR) (p. 11); A. Sen (UNHCR) (p. 29); H. Caux (UNHCR) (p. 53); M. O’Shea (p. 97); S. Korovainyi (p. 113); C. ten Brink (p. 135); C. K. Arnaud (p. 155); S. Dinges (p. 175); C. Tijerina (UNHCR) (p. 197); A. Tzortzinis (p. 223); M. Hofer (UNHCR) (p. 243); J. McIntosh (flickr) (p. 263); W. Vassilo poulos (p. 277) Photo credits of the contributing authors: Private (pp. 299-302) Cover photo: Fishman64/www.shutterstock.com A description of the pictures can be found on pages 296-297. Graphic design: thinkandact-mainz.de Cover design: thinkandact-mainz.de Typeset: thinkandact-mainz.de Printed by: Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism Printed in Germany ii REPORTING ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES: HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS SHORT SUMMARY Covering migration: A challenge for journalism educators worldwide This handbook enables journalism educators worldwide to address one of the challenges of the 21st century – migration and refugee matters. In a set of thirteen modules, journal- ism educators are provided with a comprehensive curriculum. It covers all aspects needed to train analysis, research, presentation, marketing, and ethics of migration coverage. The handbook is unique as it comprises results of communication studies as well as political and social sciences. It has been developed by an international and cross- cultural group of media researchers, media educators and media practitioners. Journalism educators will be enabled to jump-start a new curriculum. Journalism students will learn that matters of migration and forced displacement are concerned about human beings and therefore require knowledge and awareness of accurate 272 facts, reliable sources, ethical reporting and good million people worldwide practices. Experienced journalists will benefit from are migrants and using the volume as a self-learning tool, and media refugees. development organizations may adapt the curriculum to their training plans. The project will impact a more comprehensive coverage of migrant and refugee matters in countries of origin, transit and destination, and a more balanced and informed public debate across countries and cultures. “Since wars begin in the minds of men and women it is in the minds of men and women that the defences of peace must be constructed” REPORTING ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES: HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS iii CONTENTS CONTENTS x List of acronyms and abbreviations xi Forewords 1 INTRODUCTION 4 Aims and structure 7 Thinking out of the box! 8 Conclusion 9 References 11 MODULE 1: MATTERS OF MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES – CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY by Susanne Fengler and Monika Lengauer 12 Module aims 12 Learning outcomes 12 Introduction 16 The Global Compact on Refugees and The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration 19 Different countries – different perspectives 23 Handbook structure 25 Suggested assignment 25 Recommended reading 26 References 29 MODULE 2: KEY SOURCES, KEY FACTS, KEY TERMS AND NUMBERS by Monika Lengauer 30 Module aims 30 Learning outcomes 30 Outline 30 Selected data sources 35 Key terms – distinguishing migrants and refugees 43 Selected key actors 46 Suggested assignment 47 Recommended reading 47 References 53 MODULE 3: CONTEXT FACTORS FOR MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT by Monika Lengauer and Susanne Fengler 54 Module aims 54 Learning outcomes 54 Outline 54 Scholarship REPORTING ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES: HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS v CONTENTS 57 Migration and development 58 Migration – “good news”, “bad news”? 60 Spotlight on push and pull factors for migrants and refugees 63 Population growth 65 Conflict 68 Economic factors 69 Remittances 72 Institutions 73 Education 76 Climate change 79 Co-ethnic networks (diaspora) 80 Suggested assignment 81 Recommended reading 82 Gender 86 Recommended reading: gender 86 References: gender 88 References 97 MODULE 4: THE MEDIA AND THE MIGRATION STORY – AN ANALYSIS ACROSS COUNTRIES by Susanne Fengler 98 Module aims 98 Learning outcomes 98 Outline 99 Studies on migration coverage: literature review 102 Cross-country studies of migration coverage I: Africa and Europe 105 Migration and international news flows 106 Cross-country studies of migration coverage II: Europe, USA, Russia 109 Suggested assignment 109 Recommended reading 110 References 113 MODULE 5: MIGRATION COVERAGE – MEDIA EFFECTS AND PROFESSIONAL CHALLENGES by Anna-Carina Zappe 114 Module aims 114 Learning outcomes 114 Outline 115 Public opinion on migration 117 Election campaigns and migration 118 Migration coverage and media users: potential effects 121 CNN effect and the case of ‘Alan Kurdi’ 124 Professional challenges 125 Lack of resources 126 Stereotypes and bias 127 Press freedom and sources with own agenda 128 Suggested assignment 128 Recommended reading 129 References vi REPORTING ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES: HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS CONTENTS 135 MODULE 6: CASE STUDY GUINEA-BISSAU (WEST AFRICA) by Monika Lengauer 136 Module aims 136 Learning outcomes 136 Outline 136 Country profile 138 Migration profile 144 Selected context factors 1: poverty 146 Selected context factors 2: population growth and youth 148 Selected context factors 3: pulling into Bissau 149 Suggested assignment 150 Recommended reading 151 References 155 MODULE 7: CASE STUDY CAMEROON (CENTRAL AFRICA) by Monika Lengauer and Johanna Mack 156 Module aims 156 Learning outcomes 156 Outline 157 Country profile 159 Migration profile 162 Selected context factors 166 Gender 169 Suggested assignment 169 Recommended reading 170 References 175 MODULE 8: CASE STUDY GERMANY (WEST EUROPE) by Monika Lengauer and Johanna Mack 176 Module aims 176 Learning outcomes 176 Outline 177 Country profile 180 The ageing society 180 Migration profile 187 Unaccompanied children in the EU: the invisible 187 Pull factor: welfare magnet 188 Pull factor: safe haven 190 Suggested assignment 191 Recommended reading 191 References 197 MODULE 9: AFRICAN MOVEMENTS: FROM THE CONTINENT, WITHIN THE CONTINENT, WITHIN COUNTRIES by Monika Lengauer 198 Module aims REPORTING ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES: HANDBOOK FOR JOURNALISM EDUCATORS vii CONTENTS 198 Learning outcomes 198 Outline 199 International African movements, from the continent 205 International African movements, within the continent 211 Forced displacement due to conflict: refugees and IDPs 213 Internally Displaced People (IDPs) 217 Recommended reading 218 References 223 MODULE 10: PROFESSIONAL MIGRATION COVERAGE: BEST PRACTICES AND ETHICAL DIMENSIONS