GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM 2016 GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM The Global Study Report on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism was written by Angela Hawke and Alison Raphael. May, 2016 Copyright ECPAT International jointly with Defence for Children-ECPAT Netherlands ECPAT International 328/1 Phayathai Road Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400 Thailand Tel: +66 2 215 3388 Fax: +66 2 215 8272 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ecpat.net Design by: QUO, Bangkok The Global Study has been made possible with the financial support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands through Defence for Children-ECPAT Netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgements 6 Foreword 8 Acronyms 9 Global Study Reports 10 Executive Summary 13 Chapter 1: Introduction 19 Chapter 2: Regional Trends 25 East Asia 26 Europe 29 Latin America 31 Middle East and North Africa 33 North America 35 The Pacific 37 South Asia 39 Southeast Asia 41 Sub-Saharan Africa 43 Chapter 3: New Challenges Require New Thinking 47 Introduction 48 Contexts of Children 49 The Context of Offenders 53 Power Imbalances and SECTT 56 The Expansion of Travel, Tourism and Risks to Children 59 Legal Protection and Law Enforcement 65 Chapter 4: Data Gaps and Dilemmas 75 Data Gaps 76 Data Dilemmas 80 Chapter 5: Overview of Responses to Prevent Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism 85 Introduction 86 International Framework for Action 87 Regional Political Standards and Commitments 90 National Responses to SECTT Prevention 92 Conclusion 103 Chapter 6: Next Steps 105 Key Findings of the Global Study and Implications for Future Responses to SECTT 106 Priority Areas for Responses 107 Ending SECTT in our Generation: A Roadmap 108 What We Need to Know: A Future Research Agenda for SECTT 115 Endnotes 119 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With the ambition to assess the current situation of sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism, many researchers, experts and other compassionate people and partners from all over the world have agreed to contribute their knowledge and time to the Global Study. Their willingness and ardour to end this heinous crime have created a unique, participatory project spanning the United Nations, governments, the private sector and civil society, creating new insight, synergies and opportunities. The 67 Global Study partners are AccorHotels * Action Pour Les Enfants (APLE) * African Network for the Prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN) * Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) * Australian Federal Police * Better Volunteering Better Care * Calabash Tours * Carlson * CEOP Command (formerly the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre) * Child Frontiers * Children in Need Network (CHIN) * Christiansen, Lurlene * Council of International Schools * Defence for Children - ECPAT Netherlands * DLA Piper * ECPAT Brazil * ECPAT Colombia / Renacer * ECPAT Indonesia * ECPAT International * ECPAT Mexico * ECPAT UK * EQUATIONS * EUROPOL * Fair Trade Tourism (FTT) * Forum on Sustainable Child Empowerment Ethiopia (FSCE) * Ghana NGO Coalition on the Rights of the Child (GNCRC) * Global Partnership to end Violence against Children * Guadamuz, Dr. Thomas * Härkönen, Elif S.J.D. Jur. dr * Hecht, Mark Erik * IBCR - International Bureau for Children’s Rights * IJM - International Justice Mission * International Children’s Center * INTERPOL * Irish Aid * ISPCAN - International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect * Jonas, Dr. Kai * Kuoni * La Strada * Mentor Forensic Services * Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands * National Police of The Netherlands * National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence Against Children, The Netherlands * NCA Crime Agency * OAK Foundation * Public Health Foundation of Georgia* Ratnarajah, Nalini* Sanlaap * Save the Children * Sharron, Derek Kent & Manzanares Sharron, Julia * Sheffield Hallam University * Sida * Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children, Marta Santos Pais * Stellit * Terre des Hommes * The Code * The Honorable Chris Smith, Member of Congress, United States of America * Tourism Watch / Bread for the World * U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations * UN Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Maud de Boer-Buquicchio * UNICEF * UNODC - UN Office on Drugs and Crime * UNWTO - UN World Tourism Organization * Ventura Aragón, Mauricio, Minister of Tourism, Costa Rica * West Marcia Police * White & Case Experts ECPAT partners who provided input, feedback and support are Africa Child Policy Forum (ACPF) * ACTSEC (Albania) * Aparajeyo-Bangladesh * Apichart, Pol. Lt. Col. Hattasin from Thailand * Beyond Borders ECPAT Canada * Child ALERT (ECPAT New Zealand) * Child Wise (Australia) * Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN Nepal) * ECPAT Austria * ECPAT Belgium * ECPAT Cambodia * ECPAT Foundation Thailand * ECPAT France * ECPAT Germany * ECPAT Korea * ECPAT Luxemburg * ECPAT in Mongolia * ECPAT Philippines * ECPAT/ STOP Japan * ECPAT Sri Lanka/ PEaCE * ECPAT Sweden * ECPAT Switzerland * ECPAT Taiwan * ECPAT USA * Face Foundation * FAPMI / ECPAT Spain * Friends International * Fundación Paniamor * Goodwin, Prof. Harold * Hope and Help (Armenia) * Institute of Medicine (IOM) * ITB, Berlin * Maiti Nepal * National Network of NGOs of the Republic Kazakhstan * Network of National Organisations Fighting against Child Prostitution and Trafficking (Moldova) * Pacific Links Foundation * Polish Coalition against CSEC * STOP India * UNICEF Myanmar * World Vision International Laos PDR. 6 GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM Researchers dedicated to assess sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism by conducting research in regions, peer review or assist in other ways are Abreu, Isabel * Albitar, Omar * Allen, Ernie * Altamura, Alessia * Azevedo, Camila * Beaulieu, Catherine * Bell, Alan * Betinsky, Steve * Burke, Melody * Crispin ,Vimala * Cruz Olano, Teresa * Durand, Aurélie * Elliot, Sue * Farrington, Anneka * Fouad, Linda * Gil Gonzalez, Marta * Grillot, Dr. Caroline * Hecht, Mark Eric * Jensen, Michael Lynch, Darlene * Lynch, Darlene * Maalla M’jid, Dr. Najat * Man, Frans de * Mann, Dr. Gillian * Montgomery, Dr. Heather * Parkanyi, Eszter * Pesquer, Camille * Pool Illsley, Emilia * Pruneda, Olalla * Renobales, Amaya * Riggio Chaudhuri, Dr. Eliana * Sesay, Mohammed * Sherwood, Emily * Shrestha, Dr. Ramesh * Schenk, Lindsay * Sommarin, Clara * Šuštaršič, Manca * Taltit, Yamna * Tepelus, Dr. Camelia * Thompson, Sandy * Tobin, Colin Mathew * Trang, Jeanette * Vender, Mark * Wallin, Johanna * Yea, Dr. Sallie * Zambrano Moreno, Lesly. ECPAT International acknowledges the overall organisational funding support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and Oak Foundation, which has made it possible to initiate and facilitate the Global Study. Special thanks go to UNICEF, which submitted a thorough expert paper on responses that formed a solid basis for Chapter 5 and to Amaya Gillespie, the former Director of the Violence Study, who has given valuable advice on conducting a global study, and to Theo Noten of Defence for Children - ECPAT Netherlands, who was always willing to provide advice and offer solutions. Also very valuable was the input of 398 children and youth who voluntarily offered their advice to end this terrible crime. We are grateful for the fantastic work of the two writers of the Global Study report, Alison Raphael and Angela Hawke, who were able to digest a mountain of information and transform it into this report. A final thank you goes to all the ECPAT International colleagues and Board of Trustees who worked tirelessly to complete the Global Study. The Global Study shows that by working together, uniting our strengths, experience and knowledge, we can combat sexual exploitation of children more effectively. Dorine van der Keur Director Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism OFFENDERS ON THE MOVE 7 FOREWORD First and foremost I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in the High-Level Taskforce to End Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism for their commitment, time and wisdom they generously shared: • Ernie Allen, Former President and CEO of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) • Marilyn Carlson Nelson, Former Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Carlson • Corinne Dettmeijer-Vermeulen, Dutch Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children • Milena Grillo, Executive Director of Fundación Paniamor, Costa Rica • Dr. Benyam Dawit Mezmur, Chairperson of the Committee on the Rights of the Child and Chairperson of the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) • Dr. Taleb Rifai, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) • Jean-Cyril Spinetta, Former Chief Executive Officer of Air France-KLM SA. Secondly I would like to thank Dorothy Rozga, ECPAT International’s Executive Director for her endless efforts in bringing all relevant stakeholders together and for the contagious positive energy she injected into the project. Finally, I am grateful to ECPAT International for taking the unique and ambitious initiative to bring together and mobilise those, all around the world, who are in the best positions to bring about change. The