Search & Seizure Law in Missouri State & Federal Law H. Morley Swingle Assistant Prosecuting Attorney Boone County, Missouri 705 E. Walnut Street Columbia, MO 65201 January 2020 Edition Contents Part One - Introduction I. Constitutional Authority .................................................................................................. 10 II. Checklist for Busy Practitioner ..................................................................................... 10 III. Fourth Amendment Applicability Examples ................................................................... 11 1. Non-coverage of Place (Other Country)..................................... 11 2. Open Fields vs. Curtilage) ..................................................................... 11 3. Thermal Imaging Device (Heat Leaving Premises; Bodies Moving Inside Home) ............................................................... 13 4. Abandoned Property ................................................................................ 13 5. Information in Law Enforcement Database .............................................. 15 6. Government v. Private Action .................................................................. 15 7. No Expectation of Privacy - Key in Lock ................................................ 17 8. Information From Utility & Phone Companies ......................................... 17 Use of Electricity ............................................................................. 17 Cell Tower Site Location Information .............................................. 17 9. Grand Jury Subpoenas or Prosecutor’s Investigative Subpoenas ......................................................................... 18 10. Non-coverage of Rights of this Defendant (Standing) ............... 22 Two-Part Test ............................................................................................... 22 (1) Seizure of Person ................................................................................... 22 (2) Search of Person ................................................................................... 22 (3) Defendant’s Own House ........................................................................ 23 (4) Defendant’s Own Car ............................................................................ 23 (5) Passenger in Car ................................................................................... 23 (6) Driver of Someone Else’s Car Glove Compartment ............................................................................ 25 (7) Driver of Stolen Car ............................................................................... 26 (8) Driver of Car, Owner is Passenger ........................................................ 27 (9) Driver of Rental Car of Someone Else .................................................. 27 (10) Overnight Guest in House .................................................................... 28 (11) Guest in House for Drug Deal .............................................................. 29 (12) Trespasser in House ............................................................................ 29 (13) Motel Guest Past Check-Out Time ...................................................... 29 (14) Laundry Room in Common Area of Apartment Complex ..................... 29 (15) Abandoned Property in Public Place .................................................... 30 (16) Someone Else’s Purse ......................................................................... 30 (17) Texts in Someone Else’s Phone .......................................................... 30 (18) Third Party (Google/Craigslist) Records of Defendant’s E-mail to Stranger ......................................................................................... 31 IV. If the 4th Amendment Applies, Pass to Question Two – Has It Been Violated ............................................................................................. 31 V. Two Types of Searches ................................................................................................ 32 With Warrants .......................................................................................................... 32 Without Warrants ..................................................................................................... 33 Why Get Warrant in First Place? ............................................................................ 32 Burden of Proof ....................................................................................................... 33 VI. Exceptions To Warrant Requirement – At Least 10 Categories .................................. 33 Part Two - Searches With Warrants I. Searches Without Warrants are Unreasonable ................................................... 35 II. Statutory Mechanics ........................................................................................... 35 1. Arrest Warrant Carries Limited Authority to Search For Suspect in His Home (Payton-Steagald Rule) ............................. ..36 III. Particular Issues .............................................................................................. 39 1. Probable Cause ....................................................................................... 39 2. Anonymous Calls & Corroboration ......................................................... 40 3. Drug Cases - Specify Time Drug Seen.................................................. 42 4. Staleness ................................................................................................ 42 5. Search of Suspect’s Home Not Because Contraband Seen There, But Because of Probable Cause He Committed the Crime and This is His Home ......................................... 43 6. Anticipatory Search Warrants/ Prospective Probable Cause ................. 43 7. Confidentiality of Informant or Surveillance Location .............................. 44 7. Oath or Affirmation ................................................................................. 44 9. Search Warrants for Blood & Urine or Hospital BAC Records............... 46 10. Surgical Invasions ................................................................................. 48 11. X-Rays, Pumping Stomach or Inducing Vomiting .................................. 50 12. Removing Baggie of Drugs From Rectum .............................................51 13. Removing Item From Mouth .................................................................. 52 14. Knock & Announce Requirement & Exceptions .................................... 53 15. Prior Refusal of Judge to Issue Warrant ............................................... 56 16. Particularity Requirement - Places to be Searched .............................. 57 17. Particularity Requirement - Things to be Seized .................................. 58 18. Timeliness of Execution ........................................................................ 59 19. Receipt, Return & Inventory Requirements ............................................61 20. Nighttime Searches .............................................................................. 62 21. Persons on Premises - Detention, Search or Arrest…….…. ................ 63 Detention. ... ..............……..................................................................63 Occupants v. Visitors..........................................................................64 Handcuffs. .. ..............……..................................................................65 Preventing Property Owner From Entry ............................................ 65 Full Searches of Persons on or Near Premises ................................ 65 Searches of Visitors’ Purses and Bags ............................................. 66 22. Extent of Search: Scope - General Law .............................................. 68 23. Extent of Search: Intensity ................................................................... 70 Closed Containers ............................................................................. 70 Search After Object Found ................................................................. 71 Damage to Property ........................................................................... 71 24. Seizure of Evidence .............................................................................. 71 25. Strip or Body Cavity Searches ............................................................. 72 26. Exclusionary Rule & Good Faith Exception ......................................... 74 27. 4 Exceptions to Good Faith Exception ................................................. 75 1. False Information in Affidavit ....................................................... 76 2. Judge Abandons Judicial Role .................................................... 77 3. Warrant Clearly Lacks Probable Cause ...................................... 77 4. Warrant Facially Deficient............................................................ 79 28. Good Faith Generally Does Not Apply to Warrantless Searches ......... 80 1. Exception for Warrantless Administrative Search Per Unconstitutional Statute ........................................... 80 2. Exception for Warrantless Stop on Court Computer Clerk Error ............................................................ 80 3. Exception for Negligence of Police Regarding Recalled Warrant ................................................................................. 80 4. Exception For Reliance on Binding