Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. TOZOĞLU, ÇAĞLAROĞLU, Cilt:19, Sayı: 1, Yıl: 2009, Sayfa: 20-25 TOZOĞLU MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES AND MOUTHGUARD USE DURING SPORT ACTIVITIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS : A survey investigation in East Anatolia, Turkey ÇOCUKLAR VE ADOLESANLARDA SPOR AKTİVİTELERİNDE MEYDANA GELEN MAKSİLLOFASİYAL YARALANMALAR VE MOUTHGUARD KULLANIMI: Doğu Anadoluda Bir Anket Araştırması * ** Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sinan TOZOĞLU Dr. Murat CAĞLAROĞLU *** Dt. Ümmühan TOZOĞLU ABSTRACAT ÖZET Purpose: The purpose of this study was to Amaç: Bu çalışma spor aktivitelerinde çocuk ve evaluate the occurrence of maxillofacial injuries and adolesentlerda maksillofasiyal yaralanmaları ve awareness and use of mouthguards in children and mouthguard kullanımını araştırmak amacıyla yapıldı. adolescents during sport activities. Metot: Anaokulu, ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise Methods: A total of 745 students who are öğrencilerinden oluşan toplam 745 öğrenci çalışmaya attending preschool, primary school, secondary school dahil edildi. Hangi tür spor aktivitesi yapıldığı, sporla and high school were included in the study. A ilişkili geçirilmiş olan maksillofasiyal yaralanmalar ve questionnaire was administered regarding the type of mouthguard kullanımını içeren anket formları sport activity practiced and history of sport related katılımcılara uygulandı. maxillofacial injuries, and the use and awareness of Bulgular: Tüm spor aktivitelerine katılanların the mouthguards. %29.9 unu etkileyen toplam 223 maksillofasiyal Results: The total number of oral and yaralanma tespit edildi. Maksillofasiyal yaralanmaya maxillofacial injuries experienced during all sport maruz kalanların çoğu sırasıyla yumuşak doku activities was 223, affecting 29.9% of the participants. laserasyonu (%44.4), dental fraktürler (%13.9), The majority of the participants who had history of at multiple yaralanmalar (%12.1), burun yaralanmaları least one maxillofacial injury suffered from soft tissue (%10.8), alveoler fraktürler (%7.2), temporomandi- laceration (44.4%), followed by dental fractures bular eklem yaralanmalarına (%5.8), diş avulsiyonu (13.9%), multiple injuries (12.1%), nasal injuries (%3.6) ve mandibular yaralanmalara (%2.2) maruz (10.8%), alveolar fractures (7.2%), TMJ injuries kalmıştı. Yaralanmalar sıklıkla futbol, basketbol ve (5.8%), avulsion (3.6%) and mandibular fractures kayak esnasında oluşmuştu. 16-18 yaş grubunda ve (2.2%). The injuries mostly resulted from soccer, erkeklerde yaralanma insidansı daha fazla idi. followed by basketball, and skiing. The highest Katılımcıların sadece %20.27 si koruyucu mouthguard incidence was in the 16-18 year age group with male kullanımından haberdardı. propensity. Only 20.27% of the participants were Sonuç: Bu bulgular çocuk ve adolesanların aware of the mouthguard. maxillofasiyal yaralanmaya maruz kalmalarında yüksek Conclusions: These results show that there is bir risk bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Öğrencilerin a high risk of maxillofacial injury during sport activities mouthguard gibi koruyucu ekipman bilgisine sahip in children and adolescents. The knowledge of the olma ve kullanınım oranı oldukça düşüktür. Bu durum reasons and awareness for protective devices use iyileştirilmelidir. such as mouthguard were not high. It must be Anahtar kelimeler: atletik yaralanmalar ; intensified. fasiyal yaralanmalar; mandibular yaralanmalar; Key words: Athletic Injuries ; Facial Injuries ; maksillo- fasiyal yaralanmalar; yumuşak doku Mandibular Injuries ; Maxillofacial Injuries; Soft Tissue yaralanmaları Injuries l *PhD, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ataturk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey **PhD, Department of Orthodontics, Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale, Turkey ***PhD, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Ataturk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey (Makale Gönderilme tarihi: 07.01.2009; Kabul Tarihi: 27.04.2009) 20 Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. TOZOĞLU, ÇAĞLAROĞLU, Cilt:19, Sayı: 1, Yıl: 2009, Sayfa: 20-25 TOZOĞLU INTRODUCTION martial arts in Ankara. However we did not find any research including all sports in east Anatolia region in Regular physical activity plays a significant role Turkey. in the well-being of a child. A well-designed exercise The purpose of this study was to evaluate the programme enhances the immediate physical, psycho- occurrence of maxillofacial trauma and awareness and motoric and intellectual attainments of a child.1,2 and use of mothguards in children and adolescents Recently, as more and more children participate in during sport activities in east Anatolia, Turkey. sports and recreational activities, sporting injuries are becoming increasingly common.1-3 The potential MATERIAL AND METHODS competitive inequality and increased risk of injury associated with sports are especially evident in A convenience sample of students was contact and collision sports. Although minor soft tissue surveyed in preschool, primary school, secondary injuries and cuts and abrasions make up the majority school and high schools (academic school year of injuries, more serious injuries including acute 2005/2006) in Erzurum which is located in east fractures and stress fractures do occur. During the Anatolia region in Turkey. The study population growth spurt, adolescents are particularly vulnerable consisted of 745 (572 males, 173 females) child (age to injuries. Elite athletes, however, have lower injury 4 through 12) and adolescent (age 13 through 19) rates than the general sporting populations because of students who participated voluntarily in this study. A the the ability and skill of the individual.2-4 written questionnaire, described by Onyeaso and The mouth is the most frequently injured area Adegbesan,7 was administered regarding the type of of the body among children, young and adults who sport activity practiced and history of sport related to participate not only in contact sports, such as rugby oral and maxillofacial injuries, what age the injury and hockey, but also in obviously less dangerous occurred, and the use and awareness of the sports such as basketball.5 Recently, mouthguards and mouthguards. Brief information was given to athletes faceguards were shown to be effective for the and their coaches and parents about questionnaire. prevention of injuries.6 The mouthguard, which is a Students could ask any question about questionnaire resilient device or appliance, protects against injuries to their coaches and to researchers when they needed of the teeth, lacerations of the mouth and fractures help. Researchers used the face to face interview to and dislocations of the jaw.7,8 complete the other questionnaires. Thus, researchers The epidemiological approach in sports could explain the questions and could help the traumatology aims to quantify the occurrence of athletes when they fulfilled the questionnaires. When sports injuries in relation to who is affected by the very young students could not remember the injuries, where and when these injuries have occurred, history of injury, they or/and researchers asked their and what is their outcome. Efforts are also made to families or coaches about the injury. Thus, 745 explain why and how such injuries occur, to develop questionnaires were completed without any lack of strategies to limit their occurrence, and to prevent information. them. Preventing sports injuries in young individuals is Questionnaire form: important to reduce the short- and long-term social - Age: and economic consequences. The epidemiological -Sex: approach implies that injuries do not happen purely by - Sports modality: chance. 2 - How long have you been practicing this Sports-related injuries have increased and seen sport activity? even in children.9-10 Although there are some research - Have you ever experienced any maxillofacial on this topic in the literature,11-13 there is a lack of injury during sport activity? research in Turkey. Cetinbas and Sonmez14 - What kind of injury have you experienced? investigated orofacial trauma in 11-18 years old a) soft tissue laceration b) dental fractures children and adolescents in football, ice hockey and c) nasal fractures d) alveolar fractures 21 Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. TOZOĞLU, ÇAĞLAROĞLU, Cilt:19, Sayı: 1, Yıl: 2009, Sayfa: 20-25 TOZOĞLU e) mandibular fractures f)TMJ injuries g)others…………. Table 2. The distrribution of injuries in age groups at what age: a)4-6 b)7-9 c)10-12 d)13-15 e)16-18 - Are you aware of mouthguards? Number of injuries Age group Total Number - Do you use mouthguard during sport activity? (Male-Female) 4-6 9-2 11 (4.9 %) - Which type of mouthguard do you use? 7-9 20-6 26 (11.7%) RESULTS 10-12 29-6 35 (15.7%) 13-15 55-8 63 (28.2%) 745 students (572 males, 173 females) 16-18 79-9 88 (39.5%) completed the questionnaires exactly. Distribution of Total 192-31 223 (100%) the sports in the study sample is shown in Table 1. Most of participants practiced soccer (39.87%), Distribution of maxillofacial injuries during followed by basketball (20.67%), and skiing (10.47%). each specific type of sport activity in relation to the The other sports were much lower, ranging from 5.91 total number of participants in the same type of sport to 1.61%. The total number of oral and maxillofacial is shown in Table 1. Soccer players had the highest injuries experienced during all sport activities was 223 percentage of injured participants (37.7%), followed (males: 192, females:31), affecting 29.9% of the by taekwondo (36.3%), karate (34.3%), basketball participants. The