REINTRODUCING SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOX TO VACANT OR RESTORED LANDS: IDENTIFYING OPTIMAL SOURCE POPULATIONS AND CANDIDATE FOXES PREPARED FOR THE U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT CONSERVATION PROGRAM 2800 COTTAGE WAY, SACRAMENTO, CA 95825 Prepared by: Samantha Bremner-Harrison1 & Brian L. Cypher California State University, Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program P.O. Box 9622 Bakersfield, CA 93389 1Current address: School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus Southwell NG25 0QF 2011 Kit fox relocation report_ESRP.doc REINTRODUCING SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOX TO VACANT OR RESTORED LANDS: IDENTIFYING OPTIMAL SOURCE POPULATIONS AND CANDIDATE FOXES TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... i Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6 Behavioral variation and suitability ........................................................................................................... 6 Objectives .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 9 Study sites .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Urban study site – Bakersfield, Kern County ....................................................................................... 9 Natural lands population – Lokern Natural Area .................................................................................10 Kit fox capture and handling ................................................................................................................10 Experiment One ........................................................................................................................................11 Behavioral observations .......................................................................................................................12 Survival, reproductive and movement data ..........................................................................................14 Experiment Two .......................................................................................................................................14 Survival, reproductive and movement data ..........................................................................................15 Trapping and Handling data .....................................................................................................................15 Data organization and statistical analyses.................................................................................................16 Results .............................................................................................................................. 16 Trapping and radio-collaring ....................................................................................................................16 Experiment One ...................................................................................................................................16 Bakersfield ...........................................................................................................................................17 Lokern ..................................................................................................................................................17 Experiment Two...................................................................................................................................19 Observational Data ...................................................................................................................................22 Boldness Scores - Experiment One ......................................................................................................22 Boldness scores - Experiment Two ......................................................................................................24 Boldness scores – Trap and Handling Behavior ..................................................................................26 Comparison of boldness scores from Experiments 1and 2 and trap/handling data ..............................26 Comparison of boldness scores between habitats ................................................................................29 Comparison of boldness scores within habitats ...................................................................................34 Boldness scores and survival ...............................................................................................................37 Boldness scores and reproduction ........................................................................................................41 Boldness scores and distance moved ...................................................................................................43 Data Summary .....................................................................................................................................44 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 46 Comparisons of Boldness Measures .........................................................................................................46 Boldness and Kit Fox Reintroductions ................................................................................................46 Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 48 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 49 Appendix A ...................................................................................................................... 51 i TABLE OF TABLES Table 1: Behavioral ethogram used in Experiment One observation. ............................................................................ 13 Table 2: Behavioral ethogram used for Experiment Two focal observations ................................................................. 15 Table 3: San Joaquin kit fox pups trapped at natal dens in the Bakersfield and Lokern study sites for Experiment One observations. ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 4: Pups radio-collared for Experiment One for survival, movement and reproductive data................................. 19 Table 5: Urban San Joaquin kit foxes observed for Experiment Two. ........................................................................... 21 Table 6: Natural lands San Joaquin kit foxes observed for Experiment Two. ................................................................ 22 Table 7: Individual fox boldness scores obtained from Experiment One novel object tests in Bakersfield and Lokern. 23 Table 8: Shy and bold behavior classification for Experiment Two Novel Object Tests. .............................................. 24 Table 9: Experiment Two boldness scores – Bakersfield and Lokern populations. ....................................................... 25 Table 10: Trap/Handling Behavior Data – Bakersfield. ................................................................................................. 26 Table 11: Boldness scores obtained from Experiments One and Two, and Trap/Handling Data. .................................. 27 Table 12: Comparison of Experiment One boldness data collected from San Joaquin kit foxes in urban and natural lands habitats (t-test assuming unequal variances). .............................................................................................. 29 Table 13: Range of Experiment One boldness data collected from San Joaquin kit foxes in urban and natural lands habitats. ................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Table 14: Comparison of overall percent occurrence time spent on behavioral activities by San Joaquin kit foxes in urban vs natural lands habitats. ............................................................................................................................. 30 Table 15: Comparison of Experiment Two boldness scores in urban vs natural lands San Joaquin kit foxes. ............... 33 Table 16: Range of Experiment Two boldness scores collected from San Joaquin kit foxes in urban and natural lands habitats. ................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 17: Comparison of Trap/Handling boldness scores in urban vs natural lands San Joaquin kit foxes. .................. 34 Table 18: Range of Trap/Handling boldness scores collected from San Joaquin kit foxes in urban and natural lands habitats. ................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Table 19: Descriptive statistics of boldness scores