1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 2855 5. Is our national policy of "space for 4. Where is the flexibility between the 5. Is it not possible that escalation can be peaceful purposes" impeding achievement of upper limits of conventional war and the use used as a tool-either upward or downward­ vital military space programs? of the ICBM's? and provide greater flexibility-more options 6. In view of stA.tements by Russia's 5. Can Army tactical missiles and Air Force and greater controlled response? Marshal Malinovsky and others regarding and Navy tactical fighters, which presumably 6. Is it not better to have some power of militancy in space, is it reasonable to as­ will be configured primarily for conventional escalation than to have to choose between sume that the Soviets are exercising volun­ ordnance delivery, provide both the :flexibility humiliating defeat or a holocaust? tary restraint on their military space and the war-winning capability in the nu­ 7. How does escalation guarantee auto­ program? clear war below the ICBM-exchange extreme? matic general war? 7. Is not any restraint on our part with 6. The recent Soviet book on military respect to military applications of space ac­ strategy edited by Maxshal Sokolovsky states tually unilateral and not matched by that nuclear weapons are the basic firepower ADJOURNMENT Russia? of all branches of the Soviet armed forces­ Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, if there that nuclear weapons are the most effective means of destruction of the enemy in waging is no further business, under the order Military force goals all types of operations. previously entered, I move that the Sen­ 1. What is our objective if the Commu­ If such represents Soviet strategy and ate stand in adjournment unti112 o'clock nists initiate conflict in Europe? capability, would not we be wiser to con­ noon tomorrow. 2. Would we try to reestablish the line centrate on a buildup in tactical nuclear The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 held prior to hostilities-or are we prepared forces rather than trying to improve our o'clock and 26 minutes p.m.) the Senate to do more? capabilities for conventional war-a type of adjourned, under the order entered on 3. Would we make aggressors pay more for war we are not likely to be fighting on a aggression than merely denying them any 30-di.vision scale in Europe? February 20, 1963, until tomorrow, Fri­ gains? 7. Does this administration fear that day, February 22, 1963, at 12 o'clock 4. If we were fighting to break out again even any use of tactical nuclear weapons meridian. in Korea, what would be our goal-to push would automatically escalate war up to the the Communists back to the demilitarized holocaust level? · CONFIRMATIONS zone and stop there-or could we do more? 8. Back in the 1960 campaign we heard in­ 5. If regular North Vietnamese military cessant charges about a so-called missile gap, Executive nominations confirmed by units were to infiltrate south Vietnam, do which was later admitted to be a myth. You our plans call for similar action against the Senate February 21, 1963: have stressed "controlled response," yet in U.S. TARIFF COMMISSION North Vietnam-or would we resist the at­ your present plans and strategy is not there a tack and attempt to maintain the status "flexibility of response gap" between the James W. Culliton, of Indiana, to be a quo? highest level of conventional war and the member of the U.S. Tariff Commission for 6. All in all, are our military force goals holocaust level? the term expiring June 16, 1968, to which designed to contain Communist military office he was t..ppointed during the last recess aggression and preserve the status quo? of the Senate. 7. If not, are we prepared, if attacked, to ESCALATION TREASURY DEPARTMENT wage and win war in Europe or Asia? 1. As I noted before, escalation has become 8. Is our policy limited to that of con­ a scare word in Washington while the words The following-named persons to the offices tainment-to merely holding the line? of controlled response have taken on a sooth­ indicated, to which they were appointed dur­ ing the last recess of the Senate: 9. If it is, then what does the enemy have ing connotation. To me they are very similar to lose? in meaning and application. Gaspard d'Andelot Belin, of Massachusetts, to be General Counsel for the Department of • The strategy being developed by this ad­ the Treasury. ministration clearly re:flects the belief that Flexibility of response John C. Bullitt, of New Jersey, to be an 1. You have repeatedly emphasized the the use of nuclear weapons on a small scale Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. would probably escalate to global propor­ necessity of a flexible response in our mil­ COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS itary strategy. The major changes that you tions. This was definitely not a basic hy­ have made in our defense posture have been pothesis during the 1950's. The following-named persons to the offices with respect to (a) conventional forces and Why have you reversed the thinking of indicated, to which they were appointed dur­ (b) ICBM's for intercontinental nuclear war. your predecessors and adopted this funda­ ing the last recess of the Senate: Do you feel that you have provided ade­ mental change in national strategy? John G. Green, of Wisconsin, to be col­ quate flexibillty of responses above the level 2. Do you believe that the use of small lector of customs for customs collection dis­ of conventional war but below the level of trict No. 36, with headquarters at Duluth, nuclear weapons to close a pass or to blow Minn.-Superior, Wis. all-out nuclear war? up a bridge would cause the enemy to es­ 2. If our conventional forces were being calate to a higher threshold? Frank A. Sedita, of New York, to be col­ overrun, would 1t not be prudent to have a lector of customs for customs collection 3. As more and more nations gain access district No. 9, with headquarters at Buffalo, capability to raise the threshold-to esca­ to nuclear weapons and as the distinction be­ late-to some higher intensity of war that N.Y. tween the yields of large conventional weap­ John M. Lynch, of Massachusetts, to be we could win-without raising it all the way ons and the smallest nuclear weapons be­ to an ICBM exchange? collector of customs for customs collection 3. With the phasing out of the B-47's and comes obscured, what restraints will there be district No. 4, with headquarters at Boston, eventually the B-52's and nothing to replace against the initiation of tactical nuclear Mass. them, are we providing the kind of :flexibility weapons in conftict? RENEGOTIATION BOARD for the future that I mention in my previous 4. Won't the sheer logistics of the matter Jack Beaty, of New Mexico, to be a member question? dictate the use of nuclear weapons? of the Renegotiation Board. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Seizure of American Investors' Property accept our assistance and then seize the court of Venezuela was in Washington I properties of American investors. sent a telegram to President Kennedy as in Venezuela . In my opinion, we should not only re­ follows: fuse aid to any nation which seizes Mr. President, you spoke beautiful words EXTENSION OF REMARKS American investors' properties, but we in greeting the President of Venezuela yes­ OF should take every step necessary to as­ terday but I would like you to ask hlm that sure return of the confiscated property if he is a friend of the United States why HON. FRANK J. BECKER or adequate compensation therefor. he seizes U.S. investors• property in Vene­ OF NEW YORK zuela. Why has he seized specifically the I am aware that an initial step in this property of Chemical Natural Resources, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES direction was taken in the 87th Congress, Inc., and Venezuelan Sulphur Corp., C.A.? but the legislation was so watered down Thursday, February 21, 1963 Ask Mr. Betancourt if this is a friendly act. at the insistence of the administration What has he done to inspire other Americans Mr, BECKER. Mr. Speaker, for a that it does not serve the purpose for to invest their money in building plants in long time I have been urging upon our which it was intended. his country? How can he seize these prop­ own Government the necessity of a I feel so strongly about this matter erties of American investors and then accept strong position with those nations which that yesterday, while President Betan- money and loans from the United States? 2856 CONGRESSIONAl. ·RECORD- SENATE February 21 ·. Is this what is called democracy in Vene­ To· give the obvious answer, match the The problem of .training and educating our zuela? It is not my attempt to embarrass - skills needed with those who need· the skills . youth to enter the labor force is not an easy anyone but these questions .should be an­ is only to pose the problem. The hard one in a dynamic economy where consumer swered now. realities lie in prOducing this result. demand and increased standard of living is FRANK J. BECKER. It is clear that the basic burden rests on . constantly changing the pattern of skills in those in the field O<f education and training . demand. Furthermore, as we move from the Twice before I have called attention to The fact that education and training itself is age-old economy based upon scarcity to th~t this matter in the RECORD.