Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects Honors Program 5-2019 Crafting a Legacy - The Late Widowhood of Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell, 1590-1609 Frankie Kristine Urrutia-Smith Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/honors Part of the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Urrutia-Smith, Frankie Kristine, "Crafting a Legacy - The Late Widowhood of Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell, 1590-1609" (2019). Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects. 531. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/honors/531 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRAFTING A LEGACY -THE LATE WIDOWHOOD OF LADY ELIZABETH COOKE HOBY RUSSELL, 1590-1609 by Frankie Kristine Urrutia-Smith Capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with UNIVERSITY HONORS with a major in History in the Department of History Approved: Capstone Mentor Departmental Honors Advisor Dr. Susan Cogan Dr. Julia Gossard Committee Member University Honors Program Director Dr. Norm Jones Dr. Kristine Miller UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, UT Spring 2019 Crafting a Legacy: The Late Widowhood of Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell 1590-1609 Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell is known as one of the remarkably educated Cooke sisters of the Elizabethan period. She married first Thomas Hoby and then John Russell and had seven children. After being widowed twice, Elizabeth became known as a powerful courtier. She was a devout Protestant and became famous for barring Shakespeare from building the Globe Theatre in her neighborhood. Although many scholars have addressed the period of early widowhood in Elizabeth's life, few have directly investigated how her life may have changed in its last decade. This paper will explore how Lady Russell crafted her own legacy using print publication and funeral monument design. Elizabeth and her sisters were recognized by their contemporaries as capable scholars, but Elizabeth published her first full-length translation of a work in 1605, only four years before her death. The finished publication reveals important messages which Elizabeth wanted the reader to understand about her family, her social status, and her religious beliefs. Also invaluable to this study are the funeral monuments commissioned by Elizabeth, including her own. Using strong visual imagery and well-crafted epitaph writing, Elizabeth intentionally preserved the memories of herself and her family. The aims of this paper are to illustrate the importance of historical self-expression to modern understanding and the value of the study of women in late adulthood. Acknowledgements: First, I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Susan Cogan for her guidance, encouragement, and expertise. Dr. Cogan has provided invaluable help throughout every stage of this project and throughout my undergraduate career at Utah State University. I will forever be grateful for her mentorship. Also, I would like to thank my other committee member, Dr. Norm Jones, whose knowledge and passion on the subject of early modern England is contagious. As the Honors faculty advisor for the History Department, Dr. Julia Gossard has been an extremely helpful resource. Thank you, as well, to the members of faculty and staff in both the History and Honors Departments, without whom such amazing opportunities would not be available for the students at USU. Lastly, a huge thank-you to my supportive family and friends, especially my husband Levi. Thank you for believing in and encouraging me all along the way. II In 1540, Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell was born to Anthony Cooke and his wife, Anne Fitzgerald in Gidea Hall, Essex. Elizabeth lived to be 69 years old and died in 1609. She outlived two husbands, four children, and Queen Elizabeth I, as well as countless other family members. Elizabeth lived a remarkable life which has been analyzed by many previous studies, but the last decades of her life are relatively unknown to history, especially after she moved away from London to live with her son Edward and his family in Bisham, Berkshire. Although these later years are rarely discussed, much of Elizabeth's preserved cultural output was produced during this time. This thesis argues that Elizabeth spent her late widowhood consciously creating her own legacy and explores the ways in which Elizabeth did so as well as the effect of her efforts on our modem understanding of her as a historical character. In order to complete this analysis, a brief synopsis of her life will be given, followed by an analysis of her legacy-building efforts, and concluded with a note about modem interpretations of her life and work. Elizabeth was one of five daughters and four sons born to Anne and Anthony Cooke. Anthony, a former tutor to Prince Edward, later King Edward VI of England, highly valued the role of education in elite society and the potential for social mobility which it offered. As a result Anthony hired only the best tutors for his daughters, ensuring that they learned Latin, Greek, philosophy, and most importantly, Protestant Christianity. The daughters were highly regarded in their communities for being extremely well-educated and for their connections to other powerful people. Historian Marjorie McIntosh has described the rotating cast of tutors in the Cooke household as the "Cooke University for females," quoting a contemporary of the family as 1 having said that Anthony was "a man happy in his Daughters, whom having brought up in Learning, both Greek and Latine (sic), above their Sex, he married to men of good Account. "1 In 1558, when she was 18 years old, Elizabeth was married to her first husband, Thomas Hoby. Thomas and Elizabeth lived at his family estate at Bisham Abbey until 1566, when they were assigned to travel to Paris as ambassadors from Queen Elizabeth I. Thomas died in Paris under mysterious circumstances at the court of Charles IX later that year, leaving Elizabeth to organize the passage of her small family back to England, departing in the middle of the night in case any others from their retinue were in danger. Elizabeth had given birth to four children with Thomas, two sons and two daughters. Both daughters died in childhood, but the two sons, Edward and Thomas Posthumous, both outlived their mother. The Hoby family line held control ofBisham Abbey until the last of the Hoby line died in 1766.2 After several years of widowhood, Elizabeth married again, this time to Lord John Russell, in 1574. Their marriage lasted 10 years, until John died weeks before inheriting the title of the Earl of Bedford after the death of his uncle. Their only son, Francis, had died in infancy, but two daughters survived from their marriage, Elizabeth and Anne. The younger Elizabeth predeceased her mother when she died as a teenager, but Anne grew into an adult with a title and family of her own. Elizabeth fought a long legal battle to have herself and her daughters recognized as the heiresses of the Earl of Bedford, but it was not successful because other male heirs were eager to step in. Never one to give up easily, Elizabeth defied English tradition and 1 Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, "Sir Anthony Cooke: Tudor Humanist, Educator, and Religious Reformer." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 119, no. 3. (June 1975); 233-250 2 Patricia Burstall, The Story of All Saints' Parish Church Bisham, (1990), 26. 2 placed her daughters in their father's funeral procession as a message to the authorities that they were, indeed, his heirs. Elizabeth, like many elite women of the early modem period, discovered that widowhood was a powerful position for a woman to hold. Granted a legal identity of her own, no longer restrained by the decisions of a husband or father, and wealthy enough to conduct her affairs as she pleased, Elizabeth took full advantage of this new stage of her life. As the guardian of her two young sons, she was granted power over the finances of their inheritance and the right to live in the London home belonging to the Roby family title. As a landlady, she also held control of several other estates in the country. Her tenants complained about her lack of mercy as a rent collector. She even confiscated a herd of cattle once in lieu of unpaid rent on a pasture called Powden Field. 3 Elizabeth also exercised her perceived right of advowsons (the naming rights to a parish living) for the Rectory of King's Langley until, in 1595, a dismissed rector named John Kettle protested so loudly that Elizabeth signed over her naming rights to the Queen. 4 The achievement for which she is most well-known in the modem period was her large­ scale protest of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. Originally, Shakespeare planned to build the Globe in the London neighborhood of Blackfriars. A building in that neighborhood had served as the rehearsal space for the choirs of boys who sang at St. Paul's Cathedral a few blocks away, and Shakespeare purchased the lot, intending to tear down the building to construct the theatre. Elizabeth, as a devout Protestant, was immediately offended at the idea of a theatre in her neighborhood. Concerned that a theatre would bring the least desirable of Londoners to her 3 The National Archives, C 3/248/17. 4 The National Archives, LR 14/1003. 3 street, she spent months rallying her neighbors, pulling strings among her social network to convince even Shakespeare's own favorite printer to sign a petition against the construction of the theatre.