JUDICIARY OF TANZANIA A BENCH BOOK FOR JUDGES IN TANZANIA Published by Judiciary of Tanzania with the support of the World Bank January, 2019 A BENCH BOOK FOR JUDGES IN TANZANIA PUBLISHED BY THE JUDICIARY OF TANZANIA WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE WORLD BANK JANUARY, 2019 i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CASES .................................................................................... xiii FOREWORD ...................................................................................... xxxiii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................... xxxv ABBRREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xxxvii CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................... 1 CIVIL PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE ......................................................... 1 1.0: Basic Principles of Administration of Justice ...................................... 1 1.1: Overriding objective ........................................................................ 1 1.2: Jurisdiction ..................................................................................... 3 1.2.1: Jurisdiction in general ................................................................ 5 1.2.2: Inherent jurisdiction .................................................................. 6 1.2.3: Extended Jurisdiction ................................................................. 6 1.3: Parties to suits ................................................................................ 8 1.3.1: Joinder of the parties ................................................................. 9 1.4: The Institution of suits .................................................................... 9 1.4.1: Plaint ........................................................................................ 9 1.4.2: Representative suit .................................................................. 12 1.4.3: Summary Procedure ................................................................ 13 1.5: Issue and service of summons ....................................................... 17 ii 1.6: Written statement of defence and counter claim ............................. 18 1.6.1: Written Statement of Defence .................................................. 18 1.6.2: Counter claim .......................................................................... 19 1.6.3: Extension of time .................................................................... 20 1.6.4: Preliminary Objection ............................................................... 20 1.6.5: Res judicata ............................................................................ 21 1.7: Pleadings ...................................................................................... 22 1.7.1: Amendment of pleadings ......................................................... 22 1.8: Appearance of parties ................................................................... 25 1.9: Ex-Parte Judgment ........................................................................ 25 1.9.1: Setting aside ex-parte judgment ............................................... 26 1.10: Judgment on admission ............................................................... 26 1.11: Interlocutory Proceedings ............................................................ 27 1.11.1: Interim or Temporary Injunction ............................................. 27 1.12: Pre- trial and scheduling conference and final pre-trial .................. 29 1.13: Disqualification or Recusal of a judge ........................................... 30 1.14: Framing of Issues ....................................................................... 32 1.15: Adjournments ............................................................................. 33 1.16: Transfer of cases ........................................................................ 34 1.17: Hearing and examination of witnesses .......................................... 35 1.18: Arrest and attachment before judgement ..................................... 35 iii 1.19: Judgment ................................................................................... 35 1.19.1: Pronouncement of judgment .................................................. 37 1.20: Decree ....................................................................................... 39 1.21: Award of Interest ........................................................................ 39 1.22: Stay of execution ........................................................................ 41 1.23: Execution of Decrees and Orders ................................................. 42 1.24: Objection proceedings ................................................................. 42 1.25: Appeals ...................................................................................... 43 1.26: Appeals to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania .................................. 43 1.27: Review ....................................................................................... 45 1.28: Reference ................................................................................... 47 1.29: Revision...................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................... 51 CRIMINAL LAW, PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE ........................................ 51 2.1: Jurisdiction of courts ..................................................................... 51 2.2: Extended Jurisdiction ................................................................... 52 2.3: The Accused and his plea .............................................................. 53 2.3.1: Plea of guilty ........................................................................... 54 2.4: Bail .............................................................................................. 55 2.4.1: A certificate of objection by DPP against the release on bail ....... 58 2.5: Preliminary Hearing (PH) ............................................................... 59 iv 2.5.1: Alibi ........................................................................................ 61 2.6: Criminal trial ................................................................................. 63 2.6.1: Adjournment under section 225(4) Criminal Procedure Act ......... 63 2.7: Judgment and Conviction .............................................................. 65 2.7.1: Substituting Convictions ........................................................... 66 2.8: Sentence ...................................................................................... 66 2.8.1: Enhancement of sentence ........................................................ 67 2.9: Disposal of exhibits ....................................................................... 68 2.10: Bail pending appeal ..................................................................... 68 2.11: General Principles........................................................................ 69 2.11.1: Accessory after the fact .......................................................... 69 2.11.2: Issue Estoppel ....................................................................... 70 2.11.3: Aiding and abeting ................................................................. 70 2.11.4: Autrefois acquit ..................................................................... 71 2.11.5: Autrefois convict .................................................................... 72 2.11.6: Common Intention ................................................................. 72 2.11.7: Recent Possession ................................................................. 75 2.11.8: Receiving stolen property ....................................................... 76 2.11.9: Identification Parade .............................................................. 76 2.12: Criminal Appeals to the High Court ............................................... 77 2.12.1: Summary Rejection ................................................................ 80 v 2.13: Revision...................................................................................... 82 2.14: Criminal Sessions Cases ............................................................... 83 2.14.1: Preliminary Inquiry ................................................................ 83 2.14.2: Committal proceedings ........................................................... 84 2.14.3: Legal Representation ............................................................. 84 2.14.4: Persons of unsound mind ....................................................... 86 2.14.5: Preliminary hearing ................................................................ 86 2.14.6: Trial ...................................................................................... 87 2.14.7: Plea ...................................................................................... 87 2.14.8: Selection of Assessors ............................................................ 87 2.14.9: Right of accused and opinion on suitability of assessors ........... 88 2.14.10: Trial within trial ................................................................... 88 2.14.11: Close of prosecution case and opening of defence case .......... 89 2.14.12: Summing up to Assessors ..................................................... 90 2.14.13: Opinion of Assessors ...........................................................