Supported by: Supported by: CHINA NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTRE based on a decision of the German Bundestag based on a decision of the German Bundestag ZHANGJIAKOU ENERGY TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY 2050 ZHANGJIAKOU Energy Transformation Strategy 2050 ZHANGJIAKOU Pathway to a low-carbon future Energy Transformation Strategy 2050 PATHWAY TO A LOW-CARBON TO FUTURE PATHWAY www.irena.org 2019 © IRENA 2019 © IRENA 2019 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given to IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. 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ZHANGJIAKOU ENERGY TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY 2050 CONTENTS FIGURES ......................................................... 4 TABLES AND BOXES ................................................. 5 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................. 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................... 8 1 INTRODUCTION. .13 1.1 City profile .................................................... 13 1.2 National and regional contexts .................................... 18 1.3 Purposes of this study ........................................... 20 1.4 Methodology .................................................. 21 2 THE ENERGY SYSTEM OF ZHANGJIAKOU CITY ...........................23 2.1 Energy consumption ............................................ 23 2.2 Energy supply: Electricity and heat generation ....................... 29 2.3 Zhangjiakou local and Jibei regional power grids ..................... 36 2.4 Low-carbon 2022 Winter Olympic Games ............................ 37 2.5 Renewable energy targets and promotion schemes ................... 38 2.6 Key short-term actions to improve energy system performance ........... 39 3 STRATEGIC PATHWAYS TO CREATE A LOW-CARBON ZHANGJIAKOU BY 2050 ....41 3.1 Low-carbon cities: Global and national perspectives. .41 3.2 Energy outlook: Analytical insights and discussion ..................... 44 3.3 Key technology options .......................................... 56 3.4 Importance of strategic urban energy system planning ................ 60 3.5 Role of policy innovation and new business models ................... 62 4 LOOKING AHEAD ................................................64 4.1 Energy planning ............................................... 65 4.2 Diversification of end-use applications of renewables through hydrogen .............................................. 66 4.3 Strengthening institutional capacities .............................. 67 4.4 Engaging with international communities ........................... 67 5 CONCLUSION ...................................................69 REFERENCES ..................................................... 71 3 FIGURES Figure 1 Geographic location of Zhangjiakou ..13 Figure 17 Renewable energy development by area in Zhangjiakou .............34 Figure 2 Zhangjiakou administrative divisions and population distribution ..........16 Figure 18 Zhangjiakou’s renewable energy targets ...........................38 Figure 3 Population density and GDP density by county/district ..................17 Figure 19 Global reduction of energy-related carbon emissions in 2050: Current Figure 4 Urban and rural populations in plans vs. energy transformation .....42 Zhangjiakou City area, 2010-2017 ....17 Figure 20 Overview of EnergyPLAN Figure 5 Daily temperatures between model-based scenarios ............44 January 2011 and July 2018 ..........18 Figure 21 Electricity consumption in Figure 6 Temperatures in 2017 ...............19 Zhangjiakou for reference Figure 7 The EnergyPLAN model for year 2017 .........................45 system transformation .............22 Figure 22 Heating degree days and average Figure 8 Total primary energy consumption temperatures in 2017 ..............46 and electricity consumption, Figure 23 Renewable power generation 2008-2017 .......................24 in 2022 ..........................48 Figure 9 Final energy consumption by sector, Figure 24 Renewable power generation 2008-2017 .......................24 in 2035: Baseline scenario ..........49 Figure 10 Final energy consumption Figure 25 Renewable power generation for residential sector by energy in 2035: Electricity scenario ........50 source/carrier, 2008-2015. .26 Figure 26 Renewable power generation Figure 11 Electricity consumption by sector, in 2035: Hydrogen scenario .........51 2008-2015 .......................26 Figure 27 Renewable power generation Figure 12 Space heating required in 2050: Electricity scenario ........52 (based on floor area), 2017 .........27 Figure 28 Renewable power generation Figure 13 Coal production in Zhangjiakou, in 2050: Hydrogen scenario ........53 2013-2017 ........................30 Figure 29 Cost implications of different Figure 14 Solar energy resource potential renewable power scenarios .........54 measured in direct normal irradiance (DNI) (kWh/m2) ....................31 Figure 30 Cumulative installed power generation capacity, 2035-2050: Different Figure 15 Wind energy resource potential scenarios for Zhangjiakou ..........55 measured in Weibull A and K ........31 Figure 31 Technology options for energy Figure 16 Installed electricity generation transformation: Different scenarios capacity from wind and solar energy for Zhangjiakou ...................56 in Zhangjiakou ....................33 4 ZHANGJIAKOU ENERGY TRANSFORMATION STRATEGY 2050 TABLES BOXES Table 1 Zhangjiakou’s Top 10 industrial Box 1 Co-ordinated Development energy consumers, 2016 ...........25 of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region ..20 Table 2 Heat suppliers in different counties Box 2 100% renewable energy: and districts ......................28 The example of Malmö, Sweden .....43 Table 3 Solar and wind energy resource Box 3 Hydrogen in Japan and Europe .....58 potential .........................32 Box 4 Current development status Table 4 Jibei and Zhangjiakou power grids ..36 and outlook for smart charging .....59 Table 5 Energy potential from waste recycling via Zhangjiakou’s combined heat and power plants ...40 Table 6 Electricity demand in Zhangjiakou, 2017 .............................45 Table 7 Heating demand through household units and the district heating network, 2017