Ireland Red List No. 9 Macro-moths (Lepidoptera) Ireland Red List No. 9 Macro-moths (Lepidoptera) D. Allen1, M. O’Donnell2, B. Nelson3, A. Tyner4, K.G.M. Bond5, T. Bryant6, A. Crory7, C. Mellon1, J. O’Boyle8, E. O’Donnell9, T. Rolston10, R. Sheppard11, P. Strickland12, U. Fitzpatrick13, E. Regan14. 1Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd, 21A Windor Avenue, Belfast, BT9 6EE 2Joffre Rose, Clone, Castletown, Gorey, Co. Wexford 3National Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ely Place, Dublin D02 TW98 4Honeyoak, Cronykeery, Ashford, Co. Wicklow 5Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, Distillery Fields, North Mall, University College Cork 6Knocknarea, Priest’s Road, Tramore, Co. Waterford 7113 Dundrum Road, Newcastle, Co. Down, BT33 0LN 8Natural Environment Division, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Klondyke Building, Cromac Avenue, Belfast, BT7 2JA 95 Forgehill Rise, Stamullen, Co. Meath 1042 Beechdene Gardens, Lisburn, Co. Antrim, BT28 3JH 11Carnowen, Raphoe, Co. Donegal 1222 Newtown Court, Maynooth, Co. Kildare 13National Biodiversity Data Centre, WIT west campus, Carriganore, Waterford 14The Biodiversity Consultancy, 3E King’s Parade, Cambridge, CB2 1SJ Citation: Allen, D., O’Donnell, M., Nelson, B., Tyner, A., Bond, K.G.M., Bryant, T., Crory, A., Mellon, C., O’Boyle, J., O’Donnell, E., Rolston, T., Sheppard, R., Strickland, P., Fitzpatrick, U., & Regan, E. (2016) Ireland Red List No. 9: Macro-moths (Lepidoptera). National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photos: Bottom left to top right: White Prominent Leucodonta bicoloria—photo: Brian Nelson; Burren Green Calamia tridens—photo: Brian Nelson; Figure of Eight Diloba caeruleocephala caterpillar—photo: Geoff Campbell; Thrift Clearwing Pyropteron muscaeformis— photo: Eamonn O’Donnell; Yellow Shell Camptogramma bilineata—photo: Geoff Campbell. Ireland Red List Series Editors: B. Nelson & F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2016 ISSN2009-2016 Macro-moth Red List 2016 ____________________ CONTENTS CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Recording of macro-moths in Ireland 4 Legal protection 4 Methodology used 4 Nomenclature and checklist 5 Data sources 5 Regionally determined settings 5 SPECIES NOTES ............................................................................................................................................... 11 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX 1 SUMMARY OF THE FIVE CRITERIA (A-E) USED TO EVALUATE IF A TAXON BELONGS IN A THREATENED CATEGORY; CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED OR VULNERABLE (IUCN, 2012). ............................................................................................................................................................... 54 APPENDIX 2 CHECKLIST OF IRISH MACRO-MOTHS .................................................................................... 55 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This analysis and evaluation of the Irish macro-moth fauna would not have been possible without the hundreds of thousands of records provided by generations of moth enthusiasts and naturalists. Space does not permit us to list each recorder but our sincere thanks are offered to them all. The assistance of colleagues in the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Natural History Museum of the National Museum of Ireland, National Museums Northern Ireland (CEDaR and curatorial staff in the Ulster Museum), MothsIreland, Butterfly Conservation (NI) and National Biodiversity Data Centre is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Dr Mark Young for acting as external reviewer of the Red List. 1 Macro-moth Red List 2016 ____________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Based on just over 517,000 records for Ireland, 501 of the 578 species of macro-moths (Lepidoptera) on the Irish list are evaluated for their conservation status using International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria (IUCN, 2012). Forty-three species of Irish macro-moth are assessed as threatened, which is 8% of the current Irish list, with another 24 (4%) assessed as Near Threatened or Data Deficient. Fourteen species of macro-moth are considered to have become Regionally Extinct as they had not been recorded in the 50 years prior to 31 December 2012. The remaining species are all assessed as being of Least Concern. Of the 78 species that were not assessed, 37 are migrants, eight are considered adventive, 15 were recorded for the first time in Ireland in the ten years prior to 31 December 2012 and the status of 18 species on the Irish list is to be reviewed. 2 Macro-moth Red List 2016 ____________________ INTRODUCTION Moths, together with butterflies, make up the insect order Lepidoptera, one of four species-rich insect orders in Ireland with some 1,500 recorded species. Naturalists further distinguish two types of moth—the micro- moths and the macro-moths—from the butterflies. The two moth divisions are artificial amalgamations of families very loosely based on the physical size of the insects rather than natural evolutionary groups. This Red List covers only the Irish species of macro-moth since the status and distribution of many micro-moth species is currently not well known. Moths are often characterised – inaccurately – as being dull and, in the mind of many, they are undesirable and troublesome insects. This is also a mistaken view as just a few species are real pests in that they consume food crops, stored food products or objects that people depend on or value. The vast majority live their lives unseen by most people. However, when moths are seen in daylight the appearance of many species can be a revelation showing intricate patterning and colours that is at least the equal of the Irish butterflies. Most moths are undoubtedly secretive and their colours and patterns usually give them daytime camouflage. There are also day-flying moths and, indeed, there are more day-flying moths in Ireland than species of resident butterfly. As a group, the Lepidoptera play a significant role as herbivores, as pollinators and as a prey item for birds and bats. Many other insects, especially in the Hymenoptera, parasitise species of Lepidoptera. The majority of moths are phytophagous, feeding on plant material as a larva. The pest species, which are mainly micro- moths, include those that feed on animal fibres (fur and feathers), stored food products and crop species. Adults, if they feed at all, feed mainly on the nectars or other sweet exudates from plants. Moths can be found in every terrestrial habitat in Ireland. The greatest number of species is found in woodland habitats, especially in broad-leaved natural and semi-natural woodlands. Grassland also supports a significant number of species. The habitat of many species, however, is hard to characterise as they often occur in specific circumstances that do not easily fit into botanically-defined habitats. The habitat requirements of the adults and larvae may also differ. The life history of many species is poorly known and the foodplants of some species are still completely unknown, or known but not confirmed in an Irish context. The association between nocturnal moths and light is well known. The use of light to trap and record moths is, however, a relatively recent development helped by technological and material developments in batteries, bulbs and power management. A wide variety of mobile moth traps have been designed, which allow moth traps to be used wherever they can be carried and placed. These developments continue today and light traps have become the method of choice for moth recording. Previous generations of moth recorders relied on more time-consuming techniques of finding pupae and caterpillars and rearing adults from them, techniques that are rarely practiced today. This difference in recording methodology, and especially the volume of verified records, has to be taken into account when comparing modern and historic datasets. Regular monitoring of moths is in its infancy in Ireland but several schemes are running that aim to provide some trend data. The longest running of these is the network of Rothamsted traps, which are light traps of a standard design. Several of these operate in Ireland but the data from these is insufficient in geographic coverage and time to produce any trend data for this red list. It is hoped that this will be rectified in the future. 3 Macro-moth Red List 2016 ____________________ Recording of macro-moths in Ireland The first records of Irish macro-moths date from the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Moths and butterflies have been relatively better documented than other insect groups in Ireland and there have been three major catalogues covering the