INFLUENCE OF SECURITY GOVERNANCE ON THE QUALITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN KENYA CATHERINE NAOMI KAMAU DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Leadership and Governance) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017 Influence of security governance on the quality of law enforcement in Kenya Catherine Naomi Kamau A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in leadership and governance in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2017 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university Signature:……………………..……………..Date: …………………….. Catherine Naomi Kamau This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. Signature………………………….…………..Date: ……………………… Dr. WarioGuyo, PhD JKUAT, Kenya Signature………………………….…………..Date: ……………………… Dr. MakoriMoronge, PhD JKUAT, Kenya Signature:…………………………………….Date: …………………….... Prof. RomanusOdhiambo, PhD JKUAT,Kenya ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my loving mother Mary, my beloved husband Adiel and our children; Mary and Allan for their love and support during my PhD studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I give all the glory to God the giver of wisdom and knowledge and the source of my strength for granting me the mental and physical endurance to prepare this thesis. I have seen His mercy and faithfulness in my studies. Secondly, in a very profound way, I wish to sincerely thank Dr. WarioGuyo, Dr. MakoriMorongi and Prof. Romanus Odhiambo for their tireless efforts, guidance and support they gave me throughout the research. Their insightful suggestions, timely comments and encouragement throughout the entire research process were invaluable.I also wish to thank Dr. Victor Keraro, Dr. Benson Agaya and Dr. Charles Weda for assisting and guiding me through some certain aspects of the study especially its conceptualization. Many thanks to Mr. Elias Thuranira for his support during data analysis. I am deeply indebted to my special friends Mr. Julius Kitili,Grace Wanjiru and Anna Mwikali, who made priceless contributions towards my studies. The tremendous support and encouragement received from my colleagues; Sophia Atieno and Isaac Mwangangi. I wish to thank my loving mother, who kept reminding me the importance of education, my beloved husband and children for their prayers, support,and understanding during my PhD studies. I would also wish to sincerely thank all my respondents from the Kenya police service for giving me their time and information without which I would not have found data to complete this thesis. My final sincere thanks go to many other people who assisted me in one way or the other but have not been specifically mentioned above. To all of you: May God bless you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xi LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................... xiii OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................. xv ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................. 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Hypotheses ......................................................................................... 8 1.5 Justification of the study .................................................................................... 8 1.6 Scope of the study ............................................................................................. 9 v 1.7 Limitations of the Study .................................................................................. 10 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................. 11 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 11 2.3Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 16 2.4 Empirical Literature Review ........................................................................... 24 2.5 Critique of existing Literature ......................................................................... 31 2.6 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................ 33 2.7 Research Gaps ................................................................................................. 34 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................. 35 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Research Design .............................................................................................. 35 3.3Target Population ............................................................................................. 36 3.4 Sampling Frame .............................................................................................. 37 3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique .................................................................... 38 3.6Data Collection and Instrumentation ................................................................ 41 3.7 Data Collection Procedure ............................................................................... 43 vi 3.8 Pilot Study ....................................................................................................... 43 3.10 Measurement of Variables ............................................................................. 44 3.11 Data Processing and Analysis ....................................................................... 45 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................... 52 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ................................................. 52 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 52 4.2ResponseRate ................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Results of Pilot Study ...................................................................................... 53 4.4 Respondents Background Information ............................................................ 54 4.5 Descriptive Analysis ........................................................................................ 58 4.6 Requisite Analysis ........................................................................................... 73 4.7 Inferential Tests ............................................................................................... 76 4.8 Summary of Hypothesis Testing ................................................................. 97 4.9 The Optimal Study model. ........................................................................ 102 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................... 103 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 103 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 103 5.2 Summary of Findings .................................................................................... 103 5.3 Conclusions of the Study ............................................................................... 109 vii 5.4 Recommendations of the Study ..................................................................... 110 5.5 Scope for Further Research ........................................................................... 112 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 114 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 135 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3. 1: Target Population ...................................................................................