Tanzania-Netherlands District Rural Development Programme RURAL SHINYANGA CWIQ Baseline Survey on Poverty, Welfare and Services in Rural Shinyanga Districts AUGUST 2004 Implemented by: EDI Ltd (Economic Development Initiatives) PO Box 393 Bukoba Kagera Region Tanzania Tel & Fax: 028 2220059 Economic Development Initiatives Email: [email protected] [email protected] Rural Shinyanga CWIQ FOREWORD Shinyanga Region consists of seven rural districts. The effective management of development of this region depends on the interest of many different stakeholders who share a common concern to alleviate poverty of the rural population in those seven districts. This Shinyanga CWIQ report gives an overview of the magnitude of poverty in communities. Also it gives a representative view on utilisation and satisfaction of our rural population with the social services provided in the Shinyanga rural districts provided by the Government and the Non Government agencies. This book is unique as it is the first comprehensive survey of its kind to be administered in Shinyanga Region. The book should be appreciated as a baseline survey to measure changes overtime in household welfare and satisfaction levels with social services provided in result of development policies implemented. I hope that this book will contribute to a better understanding of the daily problems of our rural population. The Government, Non-Government Organisations and other stakeholders being concerned in development of the rural population are challenged to enhance collaboration in support of a comprehensive response to overcome the developmental constraints in the context of National priorities and policies. N. H. M. Millao Regional Administrative Secrectary Shinyanga Region II Rural Shinyanga CWIQ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was funded by the Royal Netherlands Embassy through its DRDP project and implemented by EDI (Economic Development Initiatives). The analysis and report writing were carried out by Sonya Krutikov, Tadeo Rweyemamu, Joachim De Weerdt and James Mitchener. Overall budgetary, financial and administrative aspects were supervised by Louise Barnett. The sampling design, listing of households, organisation of the field work and data entry were managed by Albina Chuwa (National Bureau of Statistics) and Innocent Ngalinda (Institute of Financial Management). III Rural Shinyanga CWIQ ABBREVIATIONS CWIQ Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire DRDP District Rural Development Project EDI Economic Development Initiatives HBS Household Budget Survey IFM Institute of Financial Management NBS National Bureau of Statistics URT United Republic of Tanzania AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus TZS Tanzanian Shilling PEDP Primary Education Development Plan NCHS National Centre for Health Statistics CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention WHO World Health Organisation GER Gross Enrolment Rate NER Net Enrolment Rate IV Rural Shinyanga CWIQ DEFINITIONS General Shinyanga Rural Region Includes all rural districts in the Shinyanga region: Kishapu, Shinyanga Rural, Maswa, Meatu, Bukombe, Bariadi and Kahama. Peri-urban Semi-urban areas in rural districts e.g. district capital Poverty Poverty Predictors Variables that can be used to determine household consumption expenditure levels in non-expenditure surveys. Basic Needs Poverty Line Defined as what a household, using the food basket of the poorest 50 percent of the population, needs to consume to satisfy its basic food needs to attain 2,200 Kcal/day per adult equivalent. The share of non-food expenditures of the poorest 25 percent of households is then added. The Basic Needs Poverty Line is set at TZS 7,253 per 28 days per adult equivalent unit in 2000/1 prices; households consuming less than this are assumed to be unable to satisfy their basic food and non-food needs. Education Literacy Rate The proportion of respondents aged 15 years or older, who identify themselves as being able to read and write in at least one language. Primary School Age 7 to 13 years of age Secondary School Age 14 to 19 years of age Access to Primary School A household is considered to have access to a primary school if it is located within 30 minutes of travel from the nearest primary school. Access to Secondary School A household is considered to have access to a secondary school if it is located within 30 minutes of travel from the nearest secondary school. V Rural Shinyanga CWIQ Satisfaction with Education No problems cited with school attended. Gross Enrolment Rate The ratio of all individuals attending school, irrespective of their age, to the population of children of school age. Net Enrolment Rate The ratio of children of school age currently enrolled at school to the population of children of school age Drop Out Rate The ratio of children who left school in the current year to the total number of children enrolled this year i.e. including the drop outs (a child remains enrolled at school for a year after he/she stops attending). Health Access to Health Facilities A household is considered to have access to a health facility if it is located within 30 minutes of travel from the nearest health facility. Need for Health Facilities An individual is classed as having experienced need for a health facility if he/she had suffered from a self-diagnosed illness in the four weeks preceding the survey. Use of Health Facilities An individual is classed as having used a health facility if he/she had consulted a health professional in the four weeks preceding the survey. Satisfaction with Health Facilities No problems cited with health facility used in the four weeks preceding the survey. Child Nutrition Stunting Occurs when an individual’s height is substantially below the average height in his/her age-group. Wasting Occurs when an individual’s weight is substantially below the average weight for his/her height category. Chronic Malnutrition Long-term malnutrition characterised by stunting VI Rural Shinyanga CWIQ Acute Malnutrition Short-term malnutrition characterised by wasting Employment Working Individual An individual who had been engaged in any type of work in the week preceding the survey. Underemployed Individual An individual who was looking for additional work in the week preceding the survey and/or was ready to take on more work in the following four week period. Non-working Individual An individual who had not been involved in any type of work in the week preceding the survey. Unemployed Individual An individual who had not been engaged in any type of work in the week prior to the survey, but had been looking for work in the four weeks prior to the survey. Economically Inactive Individual An individual who had not been engaged in any type of work in the week prior to the survey and had not been looking for work in the four weeks prior to the survey. Regular Employee An individual who is paid a wage/salary. Casual Employee An individual who is paid an hourly/daily wage. Welfare Access to Drinking Water Households located within 30 minutes of travel from Facilities the nearest drinking water facility. VII Rural Shinyanga CWIQ Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Rural Shinyanga CWIQ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Survey Methodology........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Key Regional Findings ....................................................................................... 3 2 POVERTY PREDICTORS............................................................................................. 7 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Predicting Household Consumption Expenditure............................................... 7 2.2.1 Background Information............................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Methodology............................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Poverty Lines and Poverty Rates ................................................................ 8 2.2.4 Accuracy ..................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Poverty and Inequality in Rural Shinyanga ...................................................... 10 2.3.1 Distribution of Poverty by Area of Residence.......................................... 10 2.3.2 Consumption Inequality............................................................................ 12 2.4 Poverty Profile.................................................................................................. 13 2.4.1 Household Characteristics........................................................................ 13 2.4.2 Characteristics of Household Heads ......................................................... 14 3 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS..................................... 17 3.1 Population Characteristics................................................................................ 17 3.2 Household Characteristics................................................................................ 19 3.2.1 Households by Area of Residence and Household Size ........................... 19 3.2.2 Land Holdings..........................................................................................