DOI: 10.2478/cerce-2018-0028 Original Article Available online: www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/ Print ISSN 0379-5837; Electronic ISSN 2067-1865 Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. LI , No. 3 (175) / 2018: 101-110 STUDIES ON BIOLOGY AND ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE IN MANGO (MANGIFERAE INDICA) VARIETIES AGAINST MANGO MEALY BUG, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE) H. KARAR1,*, M.A. BAKHSH1, G. ABBAS2, A. HAMEED3 *E-mail: [email protected] Received: Mar. 28, 2018. Revised: May 17, 2018. Accepted: June 22, 2018. Published online: July 17, 2019 ABSTRACT. Mango is known as king of recorded on the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’. The fruits. Among mango pests, mango mealy maximum length, i.e. 1.63 cm, and bug, Drosicha mangiferae (MMB), is width, i.e. 0.80 cm of female, was considered one of the most destructive observed on ‘Chaunsa’, which showed a pests of mango orchards and other susceptible response and did not differ plantations. Whenever it enters in any significantly with the width of female on orchards it is difficult to eradicate it from ‘Black Chaunsa’. Regarding biology, st those orchards. The experiment was the 1 instar male and female duration on conducted at Entomological Research Sub an average is 56.3 days, whereas the 2nd Station, Multan-Punjab, Pakistan, during instar has 26 days. In case of the 3rd instar, 2009 and 2010, to evaluate fitness of female has duration 19.5 days and male mango mealy bug on different varieties of has three days. Male has pupal stage, mango and biology on ‘Chaunsa’ variety. while it is absent in female. On an Mango mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae average two study years, the ranking of Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: susceptibility of mango cultivars was as Margarodidae), is matter of concern, as it under: ‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > is widespread pest of woody plants even ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Retaul-12’ > in urban areas. A study was conducted on ‘Langra’ > ‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > cultivar resistance and fecundity of ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar mango mealy bug. The ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar Reutul’ and > ‘Tukhmi’. of mango proved highly susceptible to mango mealy bug with maximum number Keywords: giant coccids; culivars; of eggs laid, i.e. 335.90, and maximum ‘S.B. Chaunsa’ mango; lifecycle; biological weight, i.e. 0.239 g of the female, was interaction; Punjab, Pakistan. 1 Mango Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan 2 Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 3 Pennsylvania State University, USA 101 H. KARAR, M.A. BAKHSH, G. ABBAS, A. HAMEED INTRODUCTION been achieved in development of insect resistant cultivars to major Pakistan offers a wide choice of insect pests of agricultural crops circa 3500 among 1000 mango (Dhaliwal and Singh, 2004). cultivars (Anonymous, 2008). The Resistance is a heritable characteristic most famous and commercial that enables a plant to inhibit the cultivars of mango were studied in growth of insect population or to this work, detail is discussed in next recover from the damage caused by section. These are also different in populations that were not inhibited to shape and size. Mango is one of the survive (Kogan, 1982). most extensively exploited fruits used The present studies were planned for food, juice, fragrance and color. to study the antibiosis resistance Antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance against mango mealy bug on different are three modalities of host plant cultivars of mango and to study the resistance (Painter, 1951; Kogan and biology of mango mealy bug on Ortman, 1978; Panda and Khush, susceptible cultivar of mango, with 1995). Antibiosis (causes adverse the objective to find out the weakest effects on insect life history) is one link for control measures. form of host plant resistance, the other forms are antixenosis resistance MATERIALS AND METHODS (where the pest is unable to locate or colonize a host) and tolerance (where Three orchards were selected at the plant does not suffer from the three different locations in district Multan, presence of pest). Plant resistance to having the most common or popular insect pests is one of the best cultivars of mango, during 2009 and components among various tactics of 2010. For the study of antibiosis integrated pest management (IPM). It resistance, 11 most prominent, grafted, exportable and commercial cultivars, viz. is the result of interactions between ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black the insects and plants that the Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, environment conditions under which a ‘Malda’, ‘Anwar Retaul’, ‘Dusehri’, plant grown is not favorable for the ‘Retaul-12’, ‘Sensation’ and one seed development and growth of the born cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ were selected for insects that are associated with the recording the data on population of plants. mango mealy bug. In the month of May, As this approach is environment 10 egg carrying females were collected friendly, so it is regarded as the key to from these selected cultivars coming integrated pest management. It also downward the tree via trunk having dominant similar size. The females of provides cumulative protection each cultivar were kept separately in a against insect pests and is often petri dish of 5 × 5 cm size. These were compatible with other pest brought to the laboratory and were management tactics. During the last weighed with electronic balance; their two decades, spectacular progress has length and width were measured with the 102 PLANT RESISTANCE IN CULTIVARS OF MANGO AGAINST MANGO MEALYBUG help of steel scale. These females were females. In this funnel small amount of returned to the orchards and were kept mud and sand mixture with ratio 1:1 were singly in a pit of 4 × 5 cm for laying eggs, added. After every rainfall, the wet which was made in semi wet soil with the mixture were replaced with dry one. help of wooden rod and steel spoon. The pits were covered with plastic Petri dish Collection of eggs of 5 cm and were written with black The eggs of the mango mealy bug permanent marker having cultivar name are oval in shape, yellowish in colour like and female number. At the end of June, turnips seed. Eggs of mango mealy bugs the pits were opened and the females were were collected on the 15th of Dec., 2009, taken out with steel spoon and were kept from the infested mango orchard. These in plastic petri dishes of 5 × 5 cm size. eggs were kept in the five polyethylene Ovisac length and width were measured bags of 2 kg each, along with soil and and the numbers of eggs laid were were placed in the selected orchards for counted. The data regarding biological hatching. parameters, which were conducted in laboratory were compiled and analyzed Hatching of eggs through Completely Randomized Design. Hatching of eggs were checked after every 48 hrs at 10 A.M. and the newly Methodology to study the biology of emerged nymphs were collected with mango mealy bug under field handmade aspirator and were destroyed conditions after counting and recording the data, Five plants of mango cultivar until maximum number of nymphs were ‘Chaunsa’ having age of 3-4 years and obtained. The 416 nymphs were collected height 5-6 feet were selected. These on the 1st Jan., 2010, with handmade plants were marked as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. aspirator. These were kept in eight plastic After selection, the plants were cleaned Petri dishes of 5 × 5 cm size for a period before the releasing of nymph. Dried of 48 hrs. After two days, these nymphs branches, leaves and small branches were were released in the funnel of two removed, so that the settled nymphs can experimental plants. There were 208 easily be observed on the plants. A funnel nymphs/ plant. The nymphs started their of 15 cm polyethylene sheet in width and movement upward and were settled on the length according to trunk was made on plants within 48 to 72 hrs after releasing. the trunk of trees by using needle, thread, The nymphs were observed daily. When solution tape and rope. The needle and 188 nymphs (more than half population) thread was used on one sides of the were observed half in exuviae and half out polyethylene sheet to reduce the length of the 2nd instar were collected for two and can easily be wrapped on the trunk days with camel hair brush in plastic Petri with solution tap in the form of cup. A dish. These were kept in plastic Petri dish thread of sun hemp was used below the for 24 hrs. After that, the nymphs of the funnel on the solution tap to make it tight. 2nd instar were released on the 3rd plant. The funnel was made for the releasing of The maximum 96 nymphs of the 3rd instar the1st instar nymph, to stop the downward were collected when observed half in and upward movement of nymph on the exuviae and half out with camel hair ground, as well as for the pupation of brush in plastic Petri dish and were kept males and collection of egg carrying for 24 hrs. These were released on the 4th 103 H. KARAR, M.A. BAKHSH, G. ABBAS, A. HAMEED plant. When the maximum number of i.e. 305.6, 302.5, 301.9, 293.5 and females (n=41), which were half in the 286.7 by single female, respectively. exuviae and half out, were collected and The minimum number of eggs laid by kept them in Petri dishes for 24 hrs and th a single female of mango mealy bug then released on the 5 plants. The speed was 156.0 on ‘Anwar Retaul’, and did of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd and adult females were measured after releasing in the plant not show significant difference with funnel.