Introduction to Law Editör Assoc.Prof.Dr. Gökhan GÜNEYSU Authors CHAPTER 1, 2 Asst.Prof.Dr. Ali Emrah BOZBAYINDIR CHAPTER 3, 4 Asst.Prof.Dr. Nilay ARAT Asst.Prof.Dr. Gülşah BOSTANCI BOZBAYINDIR CHAPTER 5 Prof.Dr. Şebnem AKİPEK ÖCAL CHAPTER 6 Asst.Prof.Dr. Mustafa GÖKSU CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 Assoc.Prof.Dr. Gamze AŞÇIOĞLU-ÖZ General Coordinator Asst.Prof.Dr. Murat Akyıldız Graphic Design Coordinator and Instructional Designer Assoc.Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan Printing and Distribution Coordinator Dr. Murat Doğan Şahin Measurement and Evaluation Supervisor T.C. Biriçim Altınordu ANADOLU UNIVERSITY Graphic Designers PUBLICATION NO: 3598 Ayşegül Dibek Hilal Özcan FACULTY OF Özlem Çayırlı OPEN EDUCATION Gülşah Karabulut PUBLICATION NO: 2429 Cover Design INTRODUCTION TO LAW Assoc.Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan E-ISBN: 978-975-06-2417-9 Typesetting and Composition Mehmet Emin Yüksel Copyright © 2017 Murat Tambova by Anadolu University Süreyya Çelik All rights reserved. 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Eskişehir, Republic of Turkey, October 2017 3181-0-0-0-1709-V01 Contents Fundamental CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 Legal Methods Concepts of Law Introduction .................................................. 3 Introduction .................................................. 33 What is Law? ................................................ 3 Foundations ................................................. 33 The Functions Of Law (Order, Justice, From Legal Education ............................................ 35 Status To Contract) ..................................... 7 Legal Reasoning ........................................... 37 Order ..................................................... 8 Interpretation of Statutes ........................... 40 Justice ................................................... 8 The Interpretation of Contracts ................. 46 Legal Traditions ............................................ 12 The Role of Case Law and its Interpretation 46 Civil Law ................................................ 15 Gaps in Law ................................................... 48 Bologna ................................................. 16 Conflicts Between Legal Norms .................. 49 Common Law ....................................... 17 Religious Law ....................................... 21 The Sources Of Law: Where Does Law Come From? ............................................................ 21 Law And Morality ......................................... 25 Introduction To Introduction to CHAPTER 3 Human Rights CHAPTER 4 Administrative Law Law Introduction .................................................. 57 Introduction .................................................. 87 Human Rights ............................................... 57 Constitutional Law ...................................... 87 International Human Rights Standards ..... 57 Brief History of Constitutions in Protecting and Promoting Human Turkey .................................................... 87 Rights under the United Nations ....... 58 1982 Constitution ................................. 88 Protecting and Promoting Human Basıc Principles of Administrative Law ...... 89 Rights under European Convention The Nature of Administrative Law .... 89 on Human Rights ................................ 60 The Rule of Law and Administrative Human Rights Under Turkish Legal System .. 64 Law ....................................................... 90 Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Organization of Administration in Turkey.. 93 under Turkish Law ............................... 64 Central Administration ........................ 95 Individual Application / Constitutional Decentralized Administration ............. 97 Complaint under Turkish Law ............. 66 Judicial Revıew of Administration .............. 98 Selected Cases of the European Court of Legal Basis of Judicial Review and Human Rights on Applications From Turkey .. 69 Administrative Courts ......................... 99 Case of Ünal Tekeli V. Turkey ............. 69 Judicial Remedies ................................ 101 Case of Leyla Şahin V. Turkey ............ 70 Case of Cumhuriyet Vakfı and Others V. Turkey .............................................. 72 Case of DISK and KESK V. Turkey ...... 73 iii Introduction to CHAPTER 5 Criminal Law CHAPTER 6 Civil Law Introduction .................................................. 111 Introduction .................................................. 145 Defining Crime and Criminal Law ............... 111 Concept of Civil Law ..................................... 145 What is Crime ....................................... 111 Law of Persons ..................................... 146 What is Criminal Law .......................... 111 Capacity ................................................ 148 The General and Special Parts of Criminal Law ......................................... 115 Family Law .................................................... 150 Sources of criminal Law ...................... 116 Engagement ......................................... 151 Criminal Law and Human Rights – The Marriage ............................................... 151 Function of the ECHR .......................... 116 Divorce .................................................. 154 Principles of Criminal Law ................... 116 Law of Obligations ....................................... 155 Criminal Law Distinguished from The Concept of Obligation, the Civil Law ................................................ 118 Elements and the Sources of an Liability Requirements ................................ 119 Objectıve and Subjectıve Elements .... 119 Obligation ............................................. 156 Justification .......................................... 127 Contracts ............................................... 156 Excuses .......................................................... 129 Torts ...................................................... 159 Necessity ............................................... 129 Unjust Enrichment ............................... 160 Mistake ................................................. 130 Performance of an Obligation ............ 161 Insanity and Diminished Responsiblity .. 131 Default of the Debtor ......................... 161 Infancy .................................................. 132 Discharge of Obligations ..................... 162 Intoxication .......................................... 132 Coercion (Duress) ................................ 132 Provocation .......................................... 133 Law of Civil Procedure, Compulsory CHAPTER 7 Enforcement and Bankruptcy Introduction ................................................. 169 Time Requirements and Yearly Civil Procedure: Civil Dispute Judicial Recess ...................................... 173 Resolution in General ................................... 169 Judicial Service (Adli Tebligat) ............ 174 Sources of Civil Procedure, Courts and Parties ............................................................ 175 Principles to be Followed ............................. 170 Parties in General ................................. 175 Sources of Civil Procedure ................... 170 Types and Commencement of Actions ....... 177 Courts .................................................... 170 Types of Actions According to the Judge ..................................................... 171 Legal Remedy Sought .......................... 177 Lawyer (Attorney) ............................... 172 Other Types of Actions in the Code Civil Servants (Non-Judge Staff) of Civil Procedure ................................. 178 Employed in Administrative Offices of Procedural Requirements .................... 178 Courts .................................................... 172 Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Principles to be Followed in Civil Court (Görev) ....................................... 179 Procedure .............................................. 172 Venue (Yetki) ....................................... 179 Time Requirements and Judicial Service .... 173 Commencement of Action .................. 180 iv Answer (Defense) ................................ 180 Sımplified Procedure .................................... 190 Secondary Pleadings and Prohibition Judicial Costs and Judicial Aid ..................... 190 of Expansion and Change of Claim Scope of Judicial Costs ........................ 190 and Defense .......................................... 181 Judicial Aid ............................................ 191 Preliminary Examination and Trial ............. 182 Provisional Legal Relief ................................ 191 Preliminary Examination In General ............................................ 191 (Ön İnceleme) ...................................... 182 Provisional Remedy (İhtiyati Tedbir) .. 191 Trial in General (Tahkikat) .................. 182 Appellate Remedies ...................................... 192 Amendment Procedure (Islah) ........... 183 In General ............................................ 192 Hearing Parties and Questioning Intermediate Appeal ........................... 192 of Parties