Pakistan Migration Snapshot 1 PAKISTAN MIGRATION SNAPSHOT AUGUST 2019 © IOM © 2019 Funded by the European Union Pakistan Migration Snapshot 2 PAKISTAN MIGRATION SNAPSHOT This report is part of the outputs under the European Union funded project “Regional Evidence for Migration Analysis and Policy (REMAP)”. The objective of DTM REMAP is to strengthen the evidence-based formulation and implementation of humanitarian and development policy and programming on migration and forced displacement in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq and Pakistan through the use of the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM, its Member States, and the European Union. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Publisher: International Organization for Migration, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 18th Floor, Rajanakarn Building 3 South Sathorn Road, Bangkok Thailand Email: [email protected] August, 2019 © 2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM) This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of IOM and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. For further information, please contact: DTM REMAP Support Team Email: [email protected] Pakistan Migration Snapshot 3 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Regular (labour) migration ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Immigration ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Emigration ..................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Forced migration and displacement ........................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Refugees in Pakistan .................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Refugees from Pakistan ............................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Internal displacement in Pakistan ............................................................................................... 14 4. Internal migration .................................................................................................................................... 16 5. Irregular migration .................................................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Migrant smuggling ....................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Trafficking in human beings ........................................................................................................ 18 6. Relevant national policies and stakeholders............................................................................................ 20 References ................................................................................................................................................... 23 Pakistan Migration Snapshot 4 List of figures Figure 1: Immigrant and emigrant populations in Pakistan as shares of the total population (1990 - 2017) 7 Figure 2: Origin of migrants in Pakistan (2017) ............................................................................................. 8 Figure 3: Destination of migrants from Pakistan (2017) ................................................................................ 8 List of tables Table 1: Pakistan key demographic indicators .............................................................................................. 6 Table 2: Origin of immigrants in Pakistan (2017)........................................................................................... 8 Table 3: Destination of ejmigrants from Pakistan (2017) .............................................................................. 8 Table 4: Refugees and asylum seekers in Pakistan, mid-2017 ..................................................................... 13 Table 5: Refugees and asylum seekers from Pakistan, mid-2017 ................................................................ 13 Table 6: Pakistan key international conventions ......................................................................................... 21 Table 7: Pakistan key migration policies ...................................................................................................... 21 Pakistan Migration Snapshot 5 List of definitions Migrant: “IOM defines a migrant as any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a State away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1) the person’s legal status; (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the causes for the movement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is. IOM concerns itself with migrants and migration‐related issues and, in agreement with relevant States, with migrants who are in need of international migration services (IOM, 2011).” Asylum seekers: “A person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any non-national in an irregular or unlawful situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds (IOM, 2011).” Refugee: “A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country (Art. 1(A)(2), Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Art. 1A(2), 1951 as modified by the 1967 Protocol)”. Undocumented migrant: “A non-national who enters or stays in a country without the appropriate documentation. This includes, among others: a person (a) who has no legal documentation to enter a country but manages to enter clandestinely, (b) who enters or stays using fraudulent documentation, (c) who, after entering using legal documentation, has stayed beyond the time authorized or otherwise violated the terms of entry and remained without authorization (IOM, 2011).” Trafficking in persons: “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (IOM, 2011)”. Migrant smuggling: “The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident (IOM, 2011).” Pakistan Migration Snapshot 6 1. Introduction Pakistan is 796,095 square kilometers in size and has a population of 197 million people. It is bordered by four nations. It shares its western border with Iran (Islamic Republic of) and Afghanistan; its northern border with China; and its eastern border with India. In the south, the border is defined by the Arabian Sea. With a human development index of 0.562, Pakistan is at the lower end of the medium development category and positioned 150th out of the 189 countries assessed by UNDP. Around 39 per cent of the Pakistani population live in multidimensional poverty (UNDP and OPHI, 2016). Yet, the development level and the multidimensional poverty index vary greatly between rural and urban areas of the country. In cities, 1 out of 10 people is multi-dimensionally poor while in rural areas multidimensional poverty affects 5 out of 10 people (UNDP and OPHI, 2016). The main development challenges are related to the education system and access to health care facilities (UNDP, 2018). Table 1: Pakistan Key demographic indicators Indicator Pakistan Total area, in sq km, million 0.796 Population (2017), thousand d 197,016 Migrant population (2017), thousand d 3,398 Migrant population (2017), % total population d 1.7% Urban Population (2017), % of total b 36.4% Population Growth rate (2017), annual % b 1.9% Human Development Index (2017) c 0.562 Country Rank out of 189 c 150/189 Unemployment (2017), % of labour force c 4.0% Youth Unemployment (2017), % ages 15-24 c 7.7% Multidimensional Poverty Headcount (2015), % 38.8% Gini Coefficient (2010-2017) c 30.7 Foreign Direct Investment (net inflows, 2017), current USD, billion b 2.815 Net Official Development Assistance Received (2017), current USD, billion b 2.953 Personal Remittances Received (2017), current USD, billion