Culture of Dwelling and Production of Space in the Post - Disaster Urban Transformation Processes (Case Study: Kotagede, Yogyakarta - Indonesia) vorgelegt von Gregorius Sri Wuryanto Prasetyo Utomo M.Arch geb.in Yogyakarta, Indonesien von der Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften -Dr.-Ing- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender : Prof. Dr. Philipp Misselwitz Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Peter Herrle Gutachterin : Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andrea Haase Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 14.Juli 2014 Berlin 2014 Acknowledgements This dissertation is my academic achievement; a dynamic process of developing knowledge and understanding about people and their culture of dwelling, including their transformation processes. It has been dealt with through an intellectual discourse and many academic encounters, fruitful discussions, and also trial and error processes which have been enriched by emotional integrity in between. This study is critically based on observations and acquaintances with people and their cultures of dwelling in Kotagede, the historical Javanese town in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. From first arriving in the series of field research, I have benefited from the friendship of numerous people who assisted and advised me with various information, knowledge, and data. The following mentioned people all assisted me in various ways. I would like to express my great appreciation and deep gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Peter Herrle, and Prof. Dr. -Ing. Andrea Haase for their valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. Their willingness to give their time so generously has been very much appreciated. Furthermore, I would like to extend my great appreciation to Prof. Dr. Philipp Misselwitz for his critical questions and comments during my doctoral defense. I would like to offer my special thanks to Frau Franziska Berger, Office Manager of the Habitat Unit Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin)., Frau Roswitha Paul-Walz and also Frau Marie Neubert, for their kindness and assistance during my Promotion at the Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin. I express a special gratitude to all of my doctoral colleagues at the Habitat Unit TU Berlin for the academic atmosphere and discussions. I am immensely grateful to DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst), German Academic Exchange Service, for the scholarship program and financial support to my doctoral research program at Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin). I am particularly grateful for the assistance and support given by Frau Ilona Krüger, Frau Barbara Schwarz- Bergmann, Frau Anne Schmitz and many other staff members at the DAAD Head Office in Bonn, Germany. I also deliver my thankfulness to all my DAAD fellows and colleagues who shared their academic experiences and struggles during their doctoral program. My grateful thanks are also extended to Mr. Djohan, MEM, Ph.D, Rector of Duta Wacana Christian University; Dr.-Ing.Ir. Paulus Bawole, MIP, Dean of Faculty of Architecture and Design; Ir. Eddy Christianto, MT, IAI, and my colleagues at the Faculty of Architecture and Design, Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia for the valuable i assistance in terms of academic discussions, financial support for my field research, and a three-month extended living cost in Berlin. I especially am grateful for their personal encouragement during the hard times. I wish to acknowledge the help provided by Pak M. Natsir, Mas Priyo Salim, Pak Erwito Wibowo, Mbah Bumen, Pak Heny Kuswanto, Pak Achmad Charris Zubair, Pak Gembong, Pak Joko, Pak Topo, Pak Harno, Ibu Amriyah, Ibu Siti, the late Pak Ngalim and his family, and many other respondents in Kotagede who provided valuable information, stories, and the collection of my data. I have also experienced the generosity of local people in Pekaten, Purbayan, Alun-alun, Prenggan, Singosaren, and Jagalan who helped me in time of need. I wish to express my deep gratitude to the people on my field research team for their contribution to this research: Ida Fitri, for her passionate collaboration and inspiring discussions during the field research; Susi and Rafika for their narration and helpful assistance in observations and interviews with respondents; Agustonce and Eldon for their excellent graphical works; Nicko, Adi, Suryo, Upil, Muji for their technical assistance and professional work during the mapping process of the Javanese traditional houses in Kotagede. Working together with this team was one of the best experiences in my field research. I show my deep gratitude to Charlotte Blackburn, my English proofreader and editor, who spent her time to read and correct my text all the way from Malang, East Java. I am also indebted to Dietrich Rein and Thjun Njoto for their German translation of the abstract. Finally, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my family in Yogyakarta: to my beloved wife, Bertha Bintari, who has steadfastly spent a very difficult time to look after our children, Maria Larasati, Benedictus Bagas and Gregoria Galuh, during my absence. To my beloved mother, Sri Koentari, who always believes in my competence and my efforts to successfully finish this study, and to my beloved late father, Camillus Harjono, with whom I shared all of my suffering in my prayers. To make them smile beautifully in my coming home has always kept me enthusiastic to achieve the successful completion of this dissertation. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………... i Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. viii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………… xii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii Zusammenfassung ……………………………………………………………………………... xv Chapter I Introduction Post-Disaster Culture of Dwellings and Urban Transformation 1.1. Background ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2. Theoretical Framework and Understanding ………………………………………… 3 1.3. Transformation of Kotagede and the Fieldwork Circumstances ………………….. 5 1.4. Thesis Questions and Hypotheses ………………………………………………….. 6 1.5. Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………… 7 1.6. Methodological Approaches ………………………………………………………….. 7 1.6.1. Data Collection, Investigated Sites of Observation and In-depth Interviews …...... 7 1.6.2. Research Strategy ……………………………………………………………………. 10 1.6.3. Typological Study ……………………………………………………………………... 10 1.7. Scope of Inquiry’s Boundaries ……………………………………………………….. 11 1.8. Chapter Outlines ………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.8.1. Chapter I ……………………………………………………………………………….. 11 1.8.2. Chapter II ………………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.8.3. Chapter III ……………………………………………………………………………… 12 1.8.4. Chapter IV ……………………………………………………………………………... 12 1.8.5. Chapter V ………………………………………………………………………………. 13 1.8.6. Chapter VI ……………………………………………………………………………… 13 1.8.7. Chapter VII …………………………………………………………………………….. 14 Chapter II Culture of Dwelling and Spatial Order in Kotagede 2.1. Culture of Dwelling in Kotagede ……………………………………………………… 15 2.1.1. Islamic Kingdom of Mataram in Kotagede ………………………………………….. 16 iii 2.1.2. Living Culture in Kotagede: From a Traditional Javanese Town to be an Urban Heritage Area ……………….. 19 2.1.3. Cosmology, Myths and Rituals ………………………………………………………. 20 2.1.4. Craftsmanship and Home Based Industry in Kotagede ……………………………. 23 2.1.5. Kampung in Kotagede: Social Life and the Traditional Custom of Informality ……………………………… 28 2.1.6. Festivals, Cultural Activities and Celebrations ……………………………………… 32 2.2. Spatial Order in Kotagede ……………………………………………………………. 38 2.2.1. The Structure of Urban Space in Kotagede ……………………………………….... 39 2.2.2. Domestic Setting of Neighbourhoods and Urban Kampung ………………………. 41 A. Kampung and the Formation of Traditional Neighbourhoods in Kotagede ………. 41 B. Lurung, Narrow Alleys as Specific Character of Urban Space in Kotagede ……... 45 C. Kampung Wisata (Tourism Kampung) ………………………………………………. 47 2.2.3. Domestic Setting of a Javanese Traditional House in Kotagede ………………….. 49 A. Pendhapa ………………………………………………………………………………. 52 B. Dalem …………………………………………………………………………………... 53 C. Senthong ……………………………………………………………………………….. 53 D. Pringgitan and Emper Omah …………………………………………………………. 54 E. Longkangan ……………………………………………………………………………. 55 F. Gandhok ……………………………………………………………………………….. 57 G. Gadri ……………………………………………………………………………………. 57 H. Pekiwan and Pawon …………………………………………………………………… 58 2.2.4. Spatial Concept of Javanese Traditional House: From Sacred Space and Spatial Gender Segregation to Social Space …………... 63 2.2.5. 2006 Earthquake and Post-Disaster Reconstruction Project of the Javanese Houses in Kotagede ………………………………………………… 71 Chapter III Agents of Spatial Transformation in Kotegede 3.1. Agents: Interaction Between People and the Forms They Inhabit ………………… 72 3.2. Control of Urban Space in Kotagede: Dominant and Dependent Agents ………… 73 3.2.1. The People of Kotagede: Life between Javanese Muslims of Abangan and Local Custom …………………. 75 A. Adat and the Local Custom ………………………………………………………. 76 B. The Wong Abangan ………………………………………………………………. 77 3.2.2. Islamic Reformation in Kotagede …………………………………………………….. 80 iv 3.2.3. Communism in Kotagede …………………………………………………………….. 81 3.2.4. Cultural Heritage Conservation Agencies in Kotagede …………………………...... 81 A. PUSDOK ………………………………………………………………………………. 82 B. Yayasan Kanthil (Kanthil Foundation) ……………………………………………….. 83 C. OPKP and Forum