Mechanical Wave Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Jean Brainard, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2013 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non- Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: June 30, 2013 www.ck12.org Concept 1. Mechanical Wave CONCEPT 1 Mechanical Wave • Describe mechanical waves. • Define the medium of a mechanical wave. • Identify three types of mechanical waves. No doubt you’ve seen this happen. Droplets of water fall into a body of water, and concentric circles spread out through the water around the droplets. The concentric circles are waves moving through the water. Waves in Matter The waves in the picture above are examples of mechanical waves. A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy through the matter. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. A source of energy is needed to disturb matter and start a mechanical wave. Q: Where does the energy come from in the water wave pictured above? A: The energy comes from the falling droplets of water, which have kinetic energy because of their motion. The Medium The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. The matter through which the wave travels is called the medium (plural, media). The medium in the water wave pictured above is water, a liquid. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, even a solid. Q: How do the particles of the medium move when a wave passes through them? A: The particles of the medium just vibrate in place. As they vibrate, they pass the energy of the disturbance to the particles next to them, which pass the energy to the particles next to them, and so on. Particles of the medium don’t actually travel along with the wave. Only the energy of the wave travels through the medium. 1 www.ck12.org Types of Mechanical Waves There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves. They differ in how particles of the medium move. You can see this in the Figure 1.1 and in the animation at the following URL. http://www.a cs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html FIGURE 1.1 • In a transverse wave, particles of the medium vibrate up and down perpendicular to the direction of the wave. • In a longitudinal wave, particles of the medium vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of the wave. • In a surface wave, particles of the medium vibrate both up and down and back and forth, so they end up moving in a circle. Q: How do you think surface waves are related to transverse and longitudinal waves? A: A surface wave is combination of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. Summary • A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy through the matter. • The matter through which a mechanical wave travels is called the medium (plural, media). • There are three types of mechanical waves: transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves. They differ in how particles of the medium move when the energy of the wave passes through. Vocabulary • mechanical wave: Disturbance in matter that transfers energy from one place to another. • medium (plural, media): Matter through which a mechanical wave moves. Practice At the following URL, read the short introduction to waves and watch the animations. Then answer the questions below. http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves-intro/waves-intro.html 2 www.ck12.org Concept 1. Mechanical Wave 1. The article gives a dictionary definition of wave. What is the most important part of this definition? 2. What happens to particles of the medium when a wave passes? 3. How is “doing the wave” in a football stadium like a mechanical wave? Review 1. Define mechanical wave. 2. What is the medium of a mechanical wave? 3. List three types of mechanical waves. 4. If you shake one end of a rope up and down, a wave passes through the rope. Which type of wave is it? References 1. CK-12 Foundation. CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 3.