The Convergence of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 62.1 and 55 – Example of Energy Efficiency Measures Chonghui Liu (CL), PE, CEM, LEED AP Team Leader, Energy Services Popli Design Group 2018 CNY Engineering Expo Oncenter, Syracuse, NY Monday, November 12, 2018 Disclaimer • The results of the case studies do not reflect the results from any specific project. • The views expressed in the case studies are the author’s only, they do not necessarily reflect the views of ASHRAE SPPC 90.1 or other parties. • The images referenced in this presentation are for general information only, they do not reflect any specific site. Content • ASHRAE standards – comparison and application o 90.1 o 62.1 o 55 • Examples of energy efficiency measures o Building Envelope – attic roof insulation o HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls o HVAC – kitchen DCV o HVAC – laboratory ventilation • Q&A Learning Objectives • Comparison and application of ASHRAE standards o 90.1 o 62.1 o 55 • Learn the three ASHRAE standards from examples of energy efficiency measures o Building Envelope – attic roof insulation o HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls o HVAC – kitchen DCV o HVAC – laboratory ventilation • Q&A Do you know who you are talking to? • Consulting engineers/managers • Facility engineers/managers • Manufacturer engineers/managers/sales • Contractors/construction managers • Architects/designers • Professors/researchers/students • Others Feel free to ask questions at any point during the presentation. ASHRAE Standards 4,000+ Energy: • Standard 90.1-2016: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings • Standard 90.2-2007: Energy Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings • Standard 90.4-2016: Energy Standard for Data Centers • Standard 100-2015: Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings Commissioning: • Standard 202-2013: Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems • Guideline 0-2013: The Commissioning Process ASHRAE Standards 4,000+ Other Resources for HVAC Design: • Standard 15-2016 & 34-2016: Safety Standards for Refrigeration Systems & Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants • Standard 55-2013 (2017): Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy • Standard 62.1-2016: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality • Standard 169-2013: Climate Data for Building Design Standards • Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Convergence • Building Envelope (Ch 5) • HVAC (Ch 6) 90.1 • Service water heating (Ch 7) • Power (Ch 8) Energy • Lighting (Ch 9) • Other equipment (Ch 10) 55 62.1 Thermal IEQ Comfort To provide acceptable indoor air quality and thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy while optimizing energy efficiency in built environment. History • Oil embargo 1973 • Standard 90-75 • Standard 62-73 • Standard 55-66 Picture from www.wsj.com Picture from www.thesleuthjournal.com Comparison Comparison – 90.1 compliance paths • Ch. 4: Administration and Enforcement o New Buildings o Additions to existing buildings o Alterations of existing buildings Comparison – sections most used (by engineers) • 90.1 min equipment efficiency tables • 62.1 - min ventilation rates tables • 55 - comfort zone psychrometric charts Comparison – sections most used (by engineers) 90.1 min equipment efficiency tables 1. AC - Electric unitary AC and condensing units 2. HP - Electric unitary and applied HPs Appendix F - DoE: 3. Chillers - water chilling packages • AC and HP 4. Electric packaged ACs and HPs • Water heaters 5. Furnace - Warm-air furnaces (and ACs) • Pool heaters 6. Boilers 7. Heat rejection 8. Heat transfer (no data) 9. Electric VFR ACs Unregulated 10. Electric VRF HPs 11. ACs and condensing units serving computer rooms 12. Commercial refrigerator and freezers 13. Commercial refrigeration 14. Indoor pool dehumidifiers (vapor compression based) 15. Electric DX-DOAS (without energy recovery) 16. Electric DX-DOAS (with energy recovery) Questions or comments? EEM Examples • Building Envelope – attic roof insulation • HVAC – VAV AHUs in lecture halls • HVAC – kitchen DCV • HVAC – laboratory ventilation Building Envelope – Attic Roof Insulation • 90.1 – Chapter 5 o 5.4: Air Leakage . Continuous air barrier . New: building pressurization test < 0.4 cfm/ft2 under 0.3 in. of water o 5.5: . Table 5.5-0 to 5.5-8 . Climate 5A . Residential (except low-rise) . Min. R-49 o 5.7: Future: envelope Cx? Comments? . 6.7: HVAC . IECC: HVAC/Plumbing/Lighting Controls • 62.1 and 55 - Vented attic o Eliminate moisture from below o Prevent melting snow and ice dams forming Building Envelope • Climate zone: 5A • Residence halls on a university • Existing condition: o Flat upper roof with EPDM o Sloped sides with original slate shingles o Solid wood deck o Wood/steel structural framing below o Cellulose insulation 3.5 inches ~ R-11 (ASHRAE Fundamental) o Cracks/penetrations • Energy: o Heat conduction thru ceiling o Heat loss from air leakage below Building Envelope • Recommendation: o Remove cellulose insulation o 5.4 Continuous air barrier -> Seal cracks/penetrations of attic floor o 5.5 Min R-49 -> R-50 insulation (ASHRAE Fundamental): . Closed cell spray foam 2 inches . Blown-in cellulose insulation 10 Picture from www.tcworks.org inches • Benefits besides energy savings: o Perform under low temp o Seal entire attic floor o Air and vapor barrier o Acoustical barrier o No harmful additives o Protected – flame retardant Picture from www. greenintegrateddesign.com Building Envelope Summary: Building Envelope EEM – Attic Roof Insulation Value Unit Annual electric energy savings 0 kWh/yr Annual electrical energy cost savings $0 $/yr Annual natural gas energy savings 200,000 therm/yr Annual natural gas energy cost savings $120,600 $/yr Total annual energy cost savings $120,600 $/yr Total project cost $600,000 $ Simple payback period 5.0 yr Life cycle cost $650,000 $ Questions or comments? HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls 90.1 – Chapter 6 • 6.4: o Minimum efficiency tables . 6.8.1-1 RTU/AHU with elec. AC . Not for CW/HW AHUs o Automatic shutdown . Time switch or scheduling control . Occupant sensors . Manually operated timer . Interlock to security system o DCV . > 500 ft2 . ≥ 25 people/1000 ft2 (> 40 people/1000 ft2 in 90.1-2010) . 1 or more: Economizer /Modulating />3,000 CFM OA . Definition: OA – number of people • Occupancy schedule • Occupancy sensors KDCV • People counters • CO2 sensors o Zone o Return air duct o CO2 sampling . Exceptions: exhaust energy recovery comply with 6.5.6.1 HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls 90.1 – Chapter 6 • 6.5: o Air economizer: 5A > 54,000 Btu/h (4.5 tons) o Prevent simultaneous H/C: Dual-duct except snap acting controls o Vary supply airflow – load o Static pressure reset – zone requiring most pressure o Multi-zone supply air temp reset – load or OAT o Required OA rate – larger of OA or EA by 62.1 o EA energy recovery • 6.7: o System Cx: > 50,000 ft2 conditioned area o IECC 2015: > 480 MBH (40 tons) > 600 MBH for hvac + dhw HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls • 62.1 – Procedures o IMC: 6.2 and 6.4 Section 6 Procedures Section 6.1 General Section 6.4 Section 6.2 Section 6.3 Natural Ventilation Combination IAQ Procedure Ventilation Rate Procedure Procedure Section 6.5 Exhaust Ventilation Section 6.6 Design Documentation Procedures Ez: zone air distribution effectiveness • Cooling • Heating • Induced ventilation Ev: system ventilation efficiency • Zpz: primary OA fraction • Appendix A HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls 62.1 • 6.2: o Breathing zone OA: CFM-people + CFM-area (Table 6.2.2.1) o Dynamic reset – DCV (required by 90.1) . > 500 ft2 . ≥ 25 people/1000 ft2 – Examples below (90.1-2007/2010 ≥ 40p/1000 ft2 – 90.1-2013/2016 ≥ 25p/1000 ft2) . 1 or more: • Air economizer • Automatic modulating control of OA damper • Design OA > 3,000 CFM • Correctional booking/waiting • Restaurant dining • Religious worship • Daycare • Cafeteria • Courtroom • Classroom • Bars, cocktail lounge • Legislative chamber • Lecture classroom • Conference • Museum / gallery • Lecture hall • Lobby / pre-function • Mall common area • University lab • Break room • Barbershop • Media center • Reception area • Spectator area • Music / theater / dance • Transportation waiting • Dance floor • Multi-use assembly • Auditorium seating • Gambling casino HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls 90.1 6.5.7.1 Transfer Air 62.1 2016 - 5.16/17 Air Classification (subjective IMC 2015 – Section 403 criteria) and Recirculation • Class 1: suitable for recirculation/transfer, e.g. • In excess of required OA, not office, common, classrooms… prohibit recirculated as a component of SA. • Class 2: recirculation/transfer to similar Class2/3 e.g. locker, gym, bathrooms… o Exception: Class 2 to 1: permitted with ER • Not prohibited if < 10% OA, device, and e.g. toilets, wood/metal shops, o Recirculated Class 2 < 10% OA. locker rooms, science labs, art • Class 3: only recirculated within, e.g. chem/bio classrooms, prison cells with labs, trash rooms, kitchen hoods… plumbing fixtures. o Exception: Class 3 to other space: permitted with ER device, and o Recirculated Class 3 < 5% OA. • Not recirculated/transferred to • Class 4: harmful – Not recirculated/transferred to any spaces or within e.g. repair any spaces or within, e.g. kitchen grease hoods, garages, beauty/nail/pet shops, paint booth, chem storage… fuel station, kitchen, smoking • ETS: Not recirculated/transferred from ETS area to lounges. ETS-free area Kitchen HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls 55 • Thermal comfort: that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. Picture from www.nzdl.org Ch 9 Fundamentals IECC: Design Conditions for Load • Heat ≤ 72F (e.g. 68) • Cool ≥ 75F (e.g. 75, 72, 68) Ta ≈ To HVAC – VAV AHUs in Lecture Halls • Climate zone: 5A • Lecture halls on a university • Existing condition: o Originally constructed in 1960s o 20 lecture halls, concourse and supporting areas o 17 AHUs in mech rooms throughout the building . 2 large dual-duct AHUs (~40% of total CFMs) .