Ethnic Minority Development Plan: Xinjiang Province _______________________________________________________________________ Project Number: 40684 August 2009 Proposed Loan People's Republic of China: Forestry and Ecological Restoration Project in Three Northwest Provinces People's Republic of China: Forestry and Ecological Restoration Project ___________________________________________________________________ Ethnic Minority Development Plan for the Xinjiang Component Xinjiang Forestry Department August 2009 Draft EMDP CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 May 2009) Currency Unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1460 $1.00 = CNY6.85 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CCDS – Community Consultation and Disclosure Strategy CPMO – County Project Management Office EA – Executing Agency EIRR – Economic Internal Rate Of Return EMDP – Ethnic Minority Development Plan FIRR – Financial Internal Rate Of Return FYP – Five-Year Plan GAP – Good Agricultural Practice GDP – Gross Domestic Product GEF – Global Environment Fund GRP – Gross Regional Product IA – Implementing Agency ICB – International Competitive Bidding IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IM – Independent Monitor IVDP – Integrated Village Development Program MLSA – Minimum Living Standard Allowance NPMO – National Project Management Office OCR – Ordinary Capital Resources PCR – Project Completion Report XPMO – Xinjiang Project Management Office PPMS – Project Performance Management System PRC – People’s Republic Of China SFA – State Forestry Administration SOE – State Owned Enterprises TA – Technical Assistance WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha – hectare (1 mu = 0.067 ha) kg – kilogram m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mu – traditional land measure t – tons NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government and its agencies ends on 31 December. (ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Draft EMDP Table of Contents 1. The Project ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Rationale .............................................................................................................1 1.2 Project Description ..............................................................................................1 1.3 Project Investment Plan ......................................................................................2 1.4 Ethnic Minority Development Plan ......................................................................2 1.4.1 EMDP: Community Consultation and Disclosure Strategy Rational ...............3 1.4.2 ADB Policy related to Ethnic Minorities ...........................................................4 2. Project Implementation in Xinjiang ..............................................................................6 2.1 Household model ................................................................................................6 2.2 Enterprise Model .................................................................................................7 3. Poverty.........................................................................................................................9 3.1 Poverty in China..................................................................................................9 3.2 Poverty in Western China and the Project Area................................................10 3.2.1 Rural Poverty.................................................................................................12 3.2.2 Poverty in Mountain and Minority Areas........................................................14 4. Socio-Economic Overview of the Xinjiang Project Area ............................................16 4.1 Overview of the Project Counties......................................................................16 4.1.1 Project Area Population.................................................................................17 4.1.2 Economic Indicators ......................................................................................17 4.2 Ethnic Minority People in Xinjiang.....................................................................18 4.2.1 Ethnic Minority Population in the Project Area ..............................................20 4.2.2 Overview of Hami City...................................................................................21 4.2.3 Overview of Changji City ...............................................................................22 4.2.4 Overview of Korla City, Hejing County and Yanqi County.............................22 4.3 Incomes in the Project Area ..............................................................................23 4.4 Households .......................................................................................................25 4.4.1 Household Size and Composition .................................................................25 4.4.2 Household Facilities ......................................................................................28 4.5 Education ..........................................................................................................32 4.5.1 Literacy..........................................................................................................32 4.5.2 Completed Education ....................................................................................34 4.5.3 Employment ..................................................................................................36 4.6 Health................................................................................................................38 4.6.1 HIV/AIDS .......................................................................................................40 5. Gendered and Development......................................................................................42 5.1 Poverty ..............................................................................................................42 5.2 Trends in Sex Ratios.........................................................................................43 5.2.1 Sex Ratios in the Project Area ......................................................................44 5.3 Gender and Land Rights ...................................................................................46 5.4 Gender and Employment ..................................................................................47 5.4.1 Feminization of Agriculture............................................................................49 5.4.2 Female Unemployment .................................................................................50 5.5 Gender and Education ......................................................................................50 5.5.1 Literacy..........................................................................................................51 5.5.2 School Attendance ........................................................................................51 5.6 Women's Health ................................................................................................52 5.7 Women and the Rural Environment ..................................................................55 5.8 Ethnic Minorities and Gender in the Project Area .............................................55 5.9 Gender and the Project .....................................................................................56 6. Farming in the Project Area .......................................................................................57 6.1 Rural Agricultural Income..................................................................................57 6.2 Household Production.......................................................................................58 Draft EMDP 6.3 Agricultural Output of the Project Area..............................................................58 6.4 Shifting to Higher Valued Products ...................................................................59 6.5 Type of Cultivated Lands...................................................................................60 6.5.1 Access to Cultivated Land.............................................................................61 6.5.2 Average Size of Household Cultivated Land.................................................62 6.5.3 Land Left Uncultivated...................................................................................64 6.6 Agricultural Inputs..............................................................................................65 6.6.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides ..............................................................................65 6.6.2 Use of Agricultural Tools ...............................................................................65 6.6.3 Source of Seeds............................................................................................66 6.6.4 Irrigation ........................................................................................................67 6.7 Analysis of Household Economic Tree Planting Model.....................................68 7. Project Benefits..........................................................................................................71 7.1 Project Benefits in Xinjiang................................................................................71 7.1.1 Benefits to Framing Households From Economic Tree Planting...................71 7.1.2 Benefit to Households From the Enterprise Model........................................72 7.1.3 Benefits