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University Microfilms International 300N.Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8400265 Munala, Otieno Mare INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGY: AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Munala, Otieno Mare All Rights Reserved INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGY: AFRICA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Otieno Mare Munala, B.Sc., M. A The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee Approved By Dr. James L. Golden Dr. Joseph J. Pilotta Dr. Robert R. Monaghan Dr. Chadwick F. Alger 'vTi&g 7 7 Advisor Department of Communication VITA August 8, 1944 Born. Esalwa, W. Kenya. 1965-1968 ___ Teacher: Esibila Primary School, Esalwa Secondary School, and Namulungu Secondary School. 1969 ......... Deputy Director, Every Home Evangelism, Nairobi, Kenya. 1970-1975.... Evangelist, Convention Secretary, and Travelling Secretary for Trinity [Africa] Fellowship, Maseno and Nairobi,Kenya. 1976-1979 Bachelor of Science (Magna Cum Laude) University of Wisconsin-Whitewater; History and Speech Communication. 1980 .... Master of Arts, The Ohio State University; Communication. Graduate Fellow. 1980-1983 Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1983 Doctoral Candidate, Department of Communica­ tion, The Ohio State Uni­ versity, Columbus, Ohio. ii FIELDS OF STUDY COMMUNICATION THEORY Professor Joseph J. Pilotta Professor Victor Wall RHETORICAL THEORY AND PUBLIC ADDRESS Professor James L. Golden Professor William R. Brown Professor Josina Makau MASS MEDIA Professor Joseph Foley Professor John Dimmick Professor Sharon Brock INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Mershon Professor Chadwick F. Alger Distinguished Visiting Professor Ali A. Mazrui Professor Deborah Toler METHODOLOGIES Historical Analysis, Humanistic Analysis, Rhetorical Analysis, Research in Communication Professor Godwin Berquist Professor Robert Monaghan Professor John J. Makay Professor Joseph Foley Philosophy of Communication: Professor Robert Monaghan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my doctoral committee: First, my adviser, James Golden, who has provided valuable critiques and guidance for four years culminating in the present work. I am indebted to Joseph Pilotta, my dissertation co-adviser for introducing me to Jean Gebser and helping during problems encountered with my methodology. I have benefitted tremendously during consul­ tations with both Robert Monaghan and Chadwick Alger. In working with the committee during my entire doctoral program I have gained many insights. Thanks also go to those who helped lay my intellec­ tual foundation at the University of'Wisconsin-Whitewater: Professors Henry DeWind, Gordon Parks, Everett Long, and Janet Bohi from the History Department and Edna Sorber, Patricia Townsend, Terry Ostermeier, and Judith Marks from Speech Communication Department. Professor Bohi made it possible for my family and I to have a comfortable stay in Wisconsin. Apart from my professors, many friends have contri­ buted to my intellectual development these last seven years. Among these are Robert and Sue Manzano, John and Karen Howe, Aloo and Freda Mojola, Dave and Sally Ivaska, Clarence and Jewel Matheny, Dr. Watson Omulokoli, Harold and Juanita Prothro, Elijah and Margaret Akhahenda, Orian and Blanche Mathews, etc. In a day when free labor is rare, Sister Julie Bowman donated her time typing the entire manuscript and Sister Lisa Solinger typed the corrections. As a gift to me, William Braxton provided a typewriter. The members of Overcoming Faith Ministries provided a positive atmosphere . iv for researching and writing while keeping my spiritual poise. Finally, my wife Rebekah and our children: Asiko, Ayuko, Mare, Leso and Robai who have watched me write the entire manuscript in the living room of our apartment. Their support and endurance made the entire project worth­ while. The rest of my family in Africa, my mother, my brothers and sisters, and relatives who have missed us for seven years and who encouraged me to complete the project when I wanted to quit. To all, I am truly grateful. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA............. ii FIELDS OF STUDY................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................... iv LIST OF FIGURES................................. x Chapter I Introduction.......................... Boundaries in Human Affairs......... 1 Cultures as Boundaries............... 1 Technology and Cultural Boundaries: Positive Structures.................. 2 Technology and Cultural Boundaries: Negative Structures.................. 4 The Problem, Justicfication, Purpose and Underlying Assumptions, and Rationale............................. 6 Justification......................... 7 Purpose............................... 9 Assumptions........................... 10 Rationale............................. 10 Audiences............................. 12 Overview.............................. 13 II Western Technology: Its Aims, Hopes Promises, and Roles in Intercultural Communication......................... 20 Definitions of Western Technology... 20 Chapter Page II (continued) Western Technology: Its aims, hopes, and promises ........................... 25 Western Technology and International/ Intercultural Relations .............. 27 Technology Transfer Across Cultures .. 30 Conclusion ............................. 32 III Literature Review ..................... 38 Conclusion ............................. 66 IV Methodology ............................ 72 Methodological Assumptions 7 2 Strategies 7 3 Translatability ....................... 73 Comparative Method .................... 74 Translatable Schema ................... 77 Linguistic ............................. 78 Testimonies and Anecdotes ............ 79 Theories/Ideologies ................... 80 Ritualistic Practices ................ 80 Others ................................. 80 Gebserian Typologies .................. 81 The Magical World ..................... 82 The Mythological World ............... 83 The Mental Rational World ............ 84 The Integral World .................... 85 V Christianity and Medicine in Africa... 91 Linguistic Meanings ................... 93 Testimonies and Anecdotes ............ 102 Ritualistic Practices ................. 110 Theories/Ideologies ................... 115 Others (general class) ............... 121 vii Chapter Page V (continued) Summary .............................. 122 Conclusion ........................... 124 VI Christianity With Medicine In America .............................. 137 Linguistic Meanings ................. 139 Testimonies and Anecdotes .......... 151 Ritualistic Practices .............. 158 Theories/Ideologies ................. 16 3 General............................... 166 Summary .............................. 167 VII African and American Christianity with Medicine: Similarities and Differences .......................... 181 Similarities and Differences in Linguistic Terms .................... 182 Similarities and Differences in Testimonies and Anecdotes .......... 190 Similarities and Differences in Ritualistic Prectices ............... 191 Similarities and Differences in Ideologies and Theories ............ 195 General .............................. 202 The Magical in African Christianity. 210 The Mythological in African Christianity ........................