TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Nordic agriculture air and climate This report constitutes the main outputs of the project “Pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants.” The overall goals are to present the baseline data regarding the Nordic agricultural sector, its greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, the regulatory framework and support systems, and conflicts of interest. The report aims to describe pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to achieving the climate target of below 2 (or 1.5) degrees of warming and the air pollution target of zero exceedance of critical loads and critical levels regarding ammonia emissions. The Nordic region has diverse geological and climatic conditions that make certain types of agricultural production more vulnerable than others. The policy recommendations aim to serve as input to different policies at EU, Nordic and national level. TemaNord 2015:670 ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015570 omslag.indd 1 21-07-2015 12:31:29 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas TemaNord 2015:570 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-570 TemaNord 2015:570 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Jacob Sørensen Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. 7 Preface ..........................................................................................................................................................13 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................15 1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................15 1.2 Target groups .......................................................................................................................16 1.3 Objectives of the report ...................................................................................................16 1.4 Methodology .........................................................................................................................18 1.5 Policy context .......................................................................................................................19 2. Agriculture in the Nordic countries ..........................................................................................21 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................21 2.2 Agricultural structures and land uses ........................................................................21 2.3 Agricultural production ...................................................................................................23 2.4 Jobs/employment ...............................................................................................................25 2.5 Imports/exports .................................................................................................................26 2.6 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................29 3. Agriculture, greenhouse gases and air pollutants ..............................................................31 3.1 Overview of significant pollutants ..............................................................................31 3.2 Overview of national agricultural emissions ..........................................................33 3.3 Emissions per pollutant and country .........................................................................35 3.4 Projected emissions ...........................................................................................................44 3.5 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................46 4. Manure regulation, incentives for emission control and conflicts of interests ................................................................................................................................................49 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................49 4.2 Legislative framework on manure regulation ........................................................50 4.3 Current measures and incentives ................................................................................53 4.4 Conflicts of interests – some examples ......................................................................57 5. System analysis ................................................................................................................................. 63 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................63 5.2 System boundaries .............................................................................................................63 5.3 Socio-economic systems ..................................................................................................68 5.4 Synthesis: Towards an integrated system model .................................................73 6. Measures to reduce emissions ....................................................................................................77 6.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................77 6.2 Inventory of measures ......................................................................................................78 6.3 Cases studies on emission-reducing practices .......................................................96 7. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 111 7.1 Main findings ..................................................................................................................... 111 7.2 Lessons learned ................................................................................................................ 114 7.3 Preliminary recommendations .................................................................................. 115 Tables and figures ................................................................................................................................. 117 References ................................................................................................................................................ 119 Sammanfattning .....................................................................................................................................125 Rapportens huvudsakliga slutledningar ..............................................................................127 Preliminära rekommendationer .............................................................................................128 Annex 1: National Report: Agriculture in Denmark ...............................................................131 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................131 A brief description of the agricultural sector over a 30 year-period .......................131 Agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases and ammonia – over the last 20 years .....................................................................................................135 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................156