How Australian and Indonesian Universities Treat Plagiarism: A Comparative Study Bambang Yudi Cahyono1 Abstracts: This article is a part of a larger study comparing various aspects of policies on plagiarism in two university contexts. It compares policies on plagiarism in universities in Australia and Indonesia. The results of this comparative study showed that Australian and Indonesian universities treat plagiarism differently. Australian universities treat plagiarism explic- itly in their university policies. In Australian universities, plagiarism is de- fined clearly and forms of plagiarism are explained thoroughly, policies on plagiarism are informed to all university academic members, and there are mechanisms to manage cases related to plagiarism. In contrast, not all In- donesian universities treat plagiarism directly. Some universities depend on religious morality and academic ethics in dealing with plagiarism. Ac- cordingly, this article recommends the explicit treatment of plagiarism in Indonesian universities. Keywords: plagiarism, university policy on plagiarism, Australian uni- versities, Indonesian universities. Etymologically, the word plagiarism originates from a Greek word plagiarius meaning ”literary theft‘ (Barnhart, 1995: 573). The Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners defines plagiarism as —The practice of using or copying someone else‘s idea or worN and pretending that you thought of it or created it“ (Sinclair, 2001: 1169). Thus, plagiarism as an ethical violation in the process of creating a work. 1 Bambang Yudi Cahyono is a lecturer at the English Department, State University of Malang. 2 JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN, OKTOBER 2005, JILID 12, NOMOR 3 As a Western construct, plagiarism emerged from an emphasis on an in- dividual writer‘s ownership of words or ideas. According to 3ennycooN (1996: 214), the notion of ownership developed along with the concept of —human rights“ and emphasis on —individual property“. Therefore, he argues that using other people‘s words is eTuivalent to taNing a portion of that individuals‘ property. The application of this perspective of ownership in academic life requires that citation is undertaken in order to give appropriate credit to the owner of the words or ideas. The underlying norm is that citation of other people‘s words or ideas is considered to be an intellectual debt to the cited au- thors and these debts are paid simply by acknowledging the citation (Pedersen, 2001; Standler, 2000). According to the Western notion of ownership, citation of other people‘s words or ideas without acNnowledgment is considered to be plagiarism and an infringement of rights. The purpose of this article is to explore and compare the policies of Aus- tralian and Indonesian universities concerning plagiarism in order to investigate how universities in the two different contexts treat plagiarism. Due to the great number of universities, the policies on plagiarism from all the universi- ties in the two countries could not be included. Only policies of certain uni- versities which are considered to be the better universities were surveyed. Normally, academically good universities are used as a reference for quality development in other universities. Therefore, the examination of academic po- licies of outstanding universities will ensure the exploration of more complete policy on plagiarism than policy that can be gained from other universities. METHOD This study employed a survey design whose aim is to determine and de- scribe things the way they are (Gay & Airasian, 2003: 279). Being a survey on policies regarding plagiarism of universities in Australia and in Indonesia, this study relied on printed documents and online materials such as university guides and academic guidelines which could be accessed during data collec- tion. With respect to the Indonesian universities in particular, additional data include academic guidebooks and university strategic plans recorded in the database of the General Directorate of Tertiary Education. Due to the large number of universities in the two countries, not all but only outstanding uni- versities, in Australia and in Indonesia were surveyed. The methods used in determining the universities to be included in this survey are explained in the following. Cahyono, How Australian and Indonesian Universities Treat Plagiarism 3 A review of the literature on tertiary education in Australia showed that universities are different, especially in terms of academic excellence. In their university guide volumes, Ashenden and Milligan (2000a: 6-7; 2000b: 16-17) classify Australian universities into five hierarchical percentage ranks. The first rank specifies a group of eight universities which corresponds with the widely known category of eight leading universities called the —Group of Eight“ (Rodgers & Walsh, 2002). The Group of Eight (Go8) comprises the University of Adelaide, the Australian National University, the University of Melbourne, Monash University, the University of New South Wales, the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney, and the University of Western Australia. Because of their leading role in research performance, the- se universities were chosen as sample Australian universities which may rep- resent excellence in their policy concerning plagiarism. An examination of the Indonesian System of National Education Act of 1989 shows that tertiary education organisations in Indonesia include acad- emies, polytechnics, colleges, institutes, and universities (Infosia, 1998: 2). The activities of all tertiary education institutions are directed to the imple- mentation of the Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi (the Three Missions of Tertiary Education) which includes education, research, and community service (Infosia, 1998: 3). According to recent data (PTS Online, 2002a; 2002b), there are 77 public tertiary educational institutions of various types throughout the country under the coordination of the General Directorate of Tertiary Education of the Depart- ment of National Education. In addition, there are 1293 private tertiary educa- tional institutions. These private universities are divided regionally into twelve areas of the Koordinator Perguruan Tinggi Swasta or Kopertis (the Coordi- nation of Private Tertiary Education) (PTS Online, 2002a). The management of the private institutions follows the national education policies outlined by the General Directorate of Tertiary Education at a national level (PTS Online, 2002b). In 2002, the National Board of Accreditation of Tertiary Education (BAN-PT) announced the ten universities in the highest accreditation ranks (IKIP Negeri Gorontalo, 2002). The ten universities, ranked from the highest level, are Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, Diponegoro Uni- versity, Padjadjaran University, Brawijaya University, Airlangga University, University of Northern Sumatra, Andalas University, Hasanuddin University, and the State University of Jember. 4 JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN, OKTOBER 2005, JILID 12, NOMOR 3 In the same year (2002), the General Directorate of Tertiary Education issued the results of the accreditation of scientific publication of tertiary edu- cation institutions and professional associations (Dirjen Dikti, 2002). Of all universities that have produced nationally accredited journals, there are 11 universities which publish the highest number of accredited journals (i.e., at least 6 journals). This categorisation of journals is necessary to limit the num- ber of universities to a number close to that used by the General Directorate of Tertiary Education in determining the best universities in terms of educa- tional programs. The eleven universities with the highest number of publica- tions are Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, Diponegoro Uni- versity, Airlangga University, Padjajaran University, State University of Ma- lang, Udayana University, University of Northern Sumatra, Brawijaya Uni- versity, Muhammadiyah University of Malang, and Petra Christian University. By combining the results of the accreditation of educational programs and the accreditation of scientific publication, 14 public and private universities have been selected as samples for this survey. They are Airlangga University, Andalas University, Brawijaya University, Diponegoro University, Gadjah Ma- da University, Hasanuddin University, Muhammadiyah University of Malang, Padjadjaran University, Petra Christian University, State University of Jember, State University of Malang, Udayana University, University of Indonesia, and University of Northern Sumatra. These universities were selected on the basis of their excellence in educational programs, in scientific publications, or in both categories. In addition, they represent a range of universities from dif- ferent categories: public and private universities; universities in Java Island (which is considered more developed than other areas in Indonesia) and out- side Java; general and religious universities; and teacher-training and non- teacher training universities. RESULTS The results of the survey showed that all the Go8 universities in Australia, as shown in Table 1, have established specific policies regarding plagiarism. According to these universities, plagiarism is considered a serious academic offence or a form of cheating that needs to be taken into careful consideration. In these universities, plagiarism is explicitly defined and its various forms are clearly explained. Policy statements concerning plagiarism and prohibition