INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ( ICT ) FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT : A CASE STUDY ( 2006-2012 ) OF MANAGEMENT OF Wi-MAX PILOT PROJECT , BARAMATI. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH , PUNE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ( PH.D.) IN MANAGEMENT UNDER THE BOARD OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES BY MR. JANARDAN ADINATH PAWAR UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. PRASANNA G. DESHMUKH JUNE 2014 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Information And Communication Technology (ICT) For Rural Development: A Case Study (2006-2012) Of Management Of WiMAX Pilot Project, Baramati” which is being submitting herewith for the award of Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) in Management of Tilak Maharasthra Vidyapeeth, Pune is result of original research work completed by Shri. Janardan Adinath Pawar under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other university of examining body upon him. Place: Pune Dr. Prasanna G. Deshmukh Date: Research Guide i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Information And Communication Technology (ICT) For Rural Development: A Case Study (2006-2012) Of Management Of WiMAX Pilot Project, Baramati” completed and written by me has not previously been formed as the basis of award of any degree or other similar title upon me of this or any other Vidyapeeth or examining body. Place: Pune Mr. Janardan Adinath Pawar, Date: Research Student ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Prasanna Deshmukh for the continuous support of my Ph.D. study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentors for my Ph.D. study. special thanks to Dr. Tarita Shankar, Chairperson, Indira Group of Institutes Pune, Prof.ChetanWakalkar, Group Director, Indira Group of Institutes Pune.,Dr.(Mrs.) PracheeJavadekar, Director, JECS and Dr. Poorna Shankar, Vice-Principal , Indira College of Engg. & Mgt. for constant support and encouragement during research work. I indeed to mention my sincere thanks to Mr. Santosh Kumar, Director IT., Mr. Anup Vaidya, Registrar, Indira Institute of Management, Mr. Mangesh Kumen ,Chief Library Controller, Indira Group of Institutes , Pune and for their unfallen encouragement all the time during research work, without their help this work could not completed in time. My personal gratitude to Dr. Baba Sangale, Principal, BJS College Wagholi, Dr. Ranjit Patil, HOD( Comp. Sci ), Dr. D.Y.Patil College, Prof. Vilas Wani, Prof. Prashant Mulay. Prof. Sudarshan Lakhdive , Mrs. Poornima Wate, Head Ph.D. section of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth and Dr. R. N. Dhamdhere , HOD- Management, Tilak Maharashtra Vidhyapeeth Pune for kind cooperation in every stage of work. I am thankful to all the respondents of Katewadi and Zargarwadi without their assistance this research work wouldn’t possible. I thanks to my fellows Dr. Anjali Kalkar , Prof. Aviansh Shingte, Prof. Suresh Pathare, Prof. Mahesh Jagtap, Prof. Prashant Malvadkar, Prof. Prashant Kalshetti, Prof. Shivendu Bhushan, Prof. Vijay More, Prof. Ashish Dhoke, Prof.Santosh Kulkarni, Prof.Manisha Patil, Prof. Vijaya Kumbhar, Prof. Sarita Byagar, Prof. Ashwini Shende, Prof.Sarika Thakare, Prof. Jyoti Shrote , Prof. Vivek Ganmukhi , Prof. Sonali S., Prof. Nandkumar Shinde , Prof. Sanjeev Kumar , Prof. Prashant Dhake and Prof. Shantilal Ghalme for the stimulating discussions, we were working together and for all the fun we have had in the last four years. viii The thesis would not have come to a successful completion, without the help I received from the All Non- teaching staff of Indira College of Commerce and Science, Pune. Prof.Amar Dhere was kind enough to undertake the editing work and I acknowledge his meticulous work. I owe a lot to my parents Mr. Adinath Pawar and Mrs. Suman Pawar, who encouraged and helped me at every stage of my personal and academic life and longed to see this achievement come true. I am very much obliged to my soul mate and dear wife Mrs. Sarika Pawar and my little Son Tanish who supported and gives confidence me in every possible way to see the completion of this work. I am thankful to my guide’s family member Mrs. Chitra Deshmukh I owe them so much for their care and hospitality during my visits. Last but not least, I would like to pay high regards to all teaching and non- teaching staff of Indira College of Commerce and Science, Pune. If I have forgotten anyone, I apologize, I also thank my friends (too many to list here but you know who you are!) for providing support and friendship that I needed. Mr. Janardan A. Pawar ix C O N T E N T S Certificate Declaration Contents Acknowledgement List of Tables and Diagrams List of Abbreviations Abstract Sr. No. Content Page No. CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF 1-25 LITERATURE 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Review of Literature 3 A) Communication Media and Rural Development 3 B) Electronic and Print Media and Rural Development 7 Interpersonal /Traditional Media and Rural C) Development Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and 15 D) Rural Hurdles in Development Communication & Rural 20 E) Development RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PRESENT 26-71 CHAPTER – II STATUS OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Research Methodology 26 2.2.1 Theoretical Perspective 26 2.2.2 Statement of the Problem 28 2.2.3 Conceptualization of Key Concepts 28 2.2.4 Operationalization of Major Concept 30 2.2.5 Objectives of the Study 31 2.2.6 Hypothesis 31 2.2.7 Research Design and Universe of the Study 31 2.2.8 Sampling Design 32 2.2.9 Selection of the Sample Villages 32 iii 2.2.10 Selection of Respondent 33 2.2.11 Tools and Techniques of Data Collection 35 2.2.12 Analysis of Data 35 Present status of communication media and 35 2.3 development in India 2.3.1 The Role of Press in Development 35 2.3.2 The Role of Satellite Communication in Development 39 Role of Information and Communication Technology 48 2.3.3 in Development ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF 72-121 CHAPTER- III WIMAX PROJECT AT BARAMTI 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Edges of Wireless Technologies in ICT 72 3.2.1 Wire-Less Technologies for internet access 72 3.2.2 Limitations of Wireless technologies over WiMAX 75 3.3 Orgnisation of WiMAX 76 3.3.1 Introduction to WiMAX 76 3.3.2 Need of WiMAX 78 3.3.3 Features of WiMAX 79 3.3.4 Architecture of WiMAX 81 3.3.5 WiMAX setup and working 84 3.3.6 Applications of WiMAX 87 3.3.7 Benefits of WiMAX 94 3.3.8 Limitations of WiMAX 94 3.3.9 Growth and Development of WiMAX 95 3.4 Governance of WiMAX 96 3.4.1 Indian Governmental Policies on WiMAX 96 3.4.2 ICT infrastructure for application of rural E-Governance 96 3.4.3 Rural information need 98 3.4.4 Feasibility of WiMAX 98 3.4.5 India is major market of WiMAX 99 3.5 Management of WiMAX Project at Baramati 101 3.5.1 Background of Intel World ahead Programme 103 Launching of Intel World Ahead Programme at 3.5.2 105 Baramati 3.5.3 Objective of World Ahead Programme 105 3.5.4 Accessibility of WiMAX 106 iv 3.5.5 Connectivity of WiMAX 107 3.5.6 Content of WiMAX 108 3.5.7 Launching of World Ahead’ Program In India 108 3.5.8 Management of WiMAX pilot Project at Baramati 109 3.5.9 Intel’s other WiMAX Projects in India 117 PROFILE AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 122-154 CHAPTER –IV AT SELECTED VILLAGES IN BARAMATI. 4.1 Introduction 122 4.2 Profile of Experimental Village 122 4.2.1 Location of Katewadi 122 4.2.2 Economic Structure 124 4.2.3 Cropping Pattern and Land use 125 4.2.4 Animal Husbandry 128 4.2.5 Cooperatives, Credit facilities and Village Institution 128 4.2.6 Educational Facilities 129 4.2.7 Health and Medical Facilities 129 4.2.8 Provisions for Drinking Water 130 4.2.9 Transport and Electrification 130 4.2.10 Interpersonal Communication Networks 131 4.2.11 Modern Communication Networks 133 4.3 Profile of Non Experimental Village 137 4.3.1 Location of Zargadwadi 137 4.3.2 Economic Structure 140 4.3.3 Cropping Pattern and Land use 140 4.3.4 Animal Husbandry 143 4.3.5 Cooperatives, Credit facilities and Village Institution 144 4.3.6 Educational Facilities 144 4.3.7 Health and Medical Facilities 144 4.3.8 Provisions for Drinking Water 145 4.3.9 Transport and Electrification 145 4.3.10 Interpersonal Communication Networks 145 4.3.11 Modern Communication Networks 147 ANALYSIS OF WI-MAX PROJECT FOR RURAL CHAPTER -V 155-237 DEVELOPMENT IN BARAMATI. 5.1 Introduction 155 5.2 Information and Communication Technology 155 Dawns on the Baramati v 5.2.1 Location and Climate of Baramati 155 5.2.2 Historical background of the development of Baramati 156 A) Role of Leadership in Dawn of ICT at Baramati 157 B) Review of Co-Operatives movements in Baramati 158 Economic activities of Baramati Group of Co- 5.3 159 operatives A) The Sugar Factory 159 B) The Sugar Administrative Building 159 C) Baramati Cooperative Dairy 160 D) Dynamix Dairy 160 E) Agriculture Development Trust, Baramati 160 F) Krishi Vigyan Kendra(KVK) 161 G) Goods Processing Society 162 H) Vidya Prathistahan Shikshan Mandal 162 I) Baramati Grape Industries Ltd 163 J) Agriculture Tourism 164 5.4 Application of WiMAX Project at Baramati 164 A) Why WiMAX was the chosen one? 164 B) Goals of the Project 165 C) Project Partners 165 D) Financial Assistance 166 E) Why Intel’s first rural WiMAX at Baramati 166 F) How the project Works? 166 ICT and Rural Development: Role of WiMAX 5.5 171 Projects 5.5.1 WiMAX and Social Changes 172 A) Awareness about Computers and ICT 172 B) Education 179 C) Health 182 D) Status of Woman 184 E) Status of Weaker Section 187 F) Interpersonal Communication 190 5.5.2 WiMAX and Changes in Economic sphere 192 A ) 1.